Metabolism Intelligent Design Biology Lesson 6 August 14, 2024
Bioenergetics is the study of energy flowing through living things.
Metabolism is all of the chemical reactions that take place inside cells, including anabolism and catabolism
Carbohydrate metabolism is one of the many cellular processes that use and produce energy.
Photosynthesis provides metabolic energy for all biological systems, ATP adenosine triphosphate from solar energy.
Metabolic pathways are processes of making and breaking down sugar molecules, a series of interconnected biochemical reactions that convert a substrate molecule or molecules, step by step, through a series of metabiologic intermediaries, eventually yielding a final product or products.
Anabolic pathways require an input of energy to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones. (eg. making sugar from CO2)
Catabolic pathways are pathways in which complex molecules break down into simpler ones.
Enzyme proteins help the metabolic pathway process.
Energy Types
Kinetic energy is energy that takes place with particles in motion
Potential energy is the energy that has the potential to do work and is stored energy
Chemical energy is potential energy in chemical bonds that releases when those bonds are broken
Free energy (Gibbs free energy) is the useable energy, or the energy that is available to do work
Enthalpy is the total energy in the system, symbolized Delta H, or ΔH
Free Energy ΔG=ΔH-TΔS (enthalpy minus temperature in Kelvin times the amount of energy lost to entropy)
Endergonic Reactions are chemical reactions that require energy input
Exergonic Reactions are chemical reactions that release free energy
Chemical equilibrium is the phenomenon where most chemical reactions are reversible in both directions until equilibrium is reached, absorbing and releasing energy.
Activation energy is the initial energy needed for reactions to occur (and comes from surrounding heat energy) and determines the rate the reaction will occur.
Transition state is the high energy, unstable state (intermediate form between the substrate and the product) occurring during a chemical reaction.
Heat energy is the total bond energy of reactants or products in a chemical reaction, which speeds up the molecule's motion, and increasing the frequency and force which they collide.
Thermodynamics is the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter in a system including its environment.
Two types of systems: open systems are where energy and matter can transfer between the system and its surroundings
Closed systems can transfer energy but not matter to its surroundings.
First Law of Thermodynamics says that the total amount of energy in the universe is constant and never changes. Energy can exist in many forms, so that energy can transform from place to place or transform in to different forms, but cannot be created or destroyed.
Heat energy is energy that transfers from one system to another that is not doing work.
Entropy (Second Law of Thermodynamics) is the measure of randomness or disorder within a system. High entropy is high disorder and low energy.
ATP adenosine triphosphate are energy supplying molecules of cells and primary energy currency; ATP powers most energy requiring cellular reactions
adenosine is bound to three phosphate groups; adenosine is a nucleoside with a nitrogenous base and five-carbon sugar ribose. The three phosphate groups are alpha, beta, and gamma. ATP is a highly unstable molecule.
Phosphoanhydride bond is a high energy bond that connects phosphates in an ATP molecule. Hydrolysis reaction removes one phosphate and releases energy.
ADP + Pi+free energy => ATP + H2O
ATP + H2O => ADP + Pi + free energy (reversible reaction)
Energy coupling is a process during which energy released by one reaction is used to drive another reaction. (eg. sodium-potassium pump)
Phosphorylation is a biochemical reaction that attaches a phosphate group (PO3-) to an organic molecule or ion and it is a common process in biology (ATP and cellular respiration) Phosphorylation is vital for cellular energy storage, transfer, and can also control proteins, such as enzymes, channels, and intracellular signaling molecules.
Enzymes are special molecules that catalyze biochemical reactions and help these reactions occur. Most enzymes are proteins, help to lower activation energies.
Enzyme substrates are the chemical reactants to which an enzyme binds. Active site is the location in the enzyme where the substrate binds and where the action happens.
Denature is a process that changes the substance's natural properties, by enzymes at high temperature.
Induced fit is the dynamic fit between the enzyme and its substrate, in which both components modify their structures to allow for ideal binding and maximizes the ability to catalyze the reaction.
Enzyme-substrate complex forms when the enzyme binds its substrate and lowers the reaction's activation energy and facilitates its rapid progression by modifying the atomic bond structure and changing the chemical environment.
Metabolism control through enzyme regulation and molecular regulation of enzymes can be done to increase or reduce their activity.
Competitive inhibition is a type of inhibition in which the inhibitor competes with the substrate molecule by binding to the enzyme's new site.
Non-competitive inhibition is when the inhibitor molecule binds to the enzyme in a location other than the active site (allosteric site), but still manages to prevent substrate binding to the active site.
Allosteric inhibition is a regulatory mechanism that occurs when a molecule binds an enzyme at a binding event at a site different than the active site, which induces a conformational change and reduces the enzyme's affinity for its substrate.
Cofactors are inorganic ions, such as iron and magnesium ions, required for optimal enzyme activity regulation.
Coenzymes are small organic molecules, such as vitamins or their derivatives, which are required to enhance the enzyme's activity.
Enzymes are compartmentalization into different organelles, so that enzymes required for certain processes are located in certain locations where they are needed along with their substrates.
Feedback inhibition is the use of a reaction product to regulate its own further production, including decrease production, by inhibiting the first enzyme's activity in the pathway that produces it. The cell responds to specific product abundance by reducing production, possibly by inhibiting enzymes.
Bioenergetics is the study of energy flowing through living things.
Metabolism is all of the chemical reactions that take place inside cells, including anabolism and catabolism
Carbohydrate metabolism is one of the many cellular processes that use and produce energy.
Photosynthesis provides metabolic energy for all biological systems, ATP adenosine triphosphate from solar energy.
Metabolic pathways are processes of making and breaking down sugar molecules, a series of interconnected biochemical reactions that convert a substrate molecule or molecules, step by step, through a series of metabiologic intermediaries, eventually yielding a final product or products.
Anabolic pathways require an input of energy to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones. (eg. making sugar from CO2)
Catabolic pathways are pathways in which complex molecules break down into simpler ones.
Enzyme proteins help the metabolic pathway process.
Energy Types
Kinetic energy is energy that takes place with particles in motion
Potential energy is the energy that has the potential to do work and is stored energy
Chemical energy is potential energy in chemical bonds that releases when those bonds are broken
Free energy (Gibbs free energy) is the useable energy, or the energy that is available to do work
Enthalpy is the total energy in the system, symbolized Delta H, or ΔH
Free Energy ΔG=ΔH-TΔS (enthalpy minus temperature in Kelvin times the amount of energy lost to entropy)
Endergonic Reactions are chemical reactions that require energy input
Exergonic Reactions are chemical reactions that release free energy
Chemical equilibrium is the phenomenon where most chemical reactions are reversible in both directions until equilibrium is reached, absorbing and releasing energy.
Activation energy is the initial energy needed for reactions to occur (and comes from surrounding heat energy) and determines the rate the reaction will occur.
Transition state is the high energy, unstable state (intermediate form between the substrate and the product) occurring during a chemical reaction.
Heat energy is the total bond energy of reactants or products in a chemical reaction, which speeds up the molecule's motion, and increasing the frequency and force which they collide.
Thermodynamics is the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter in a system including its environment.
Two types of systems: open systems are where energy and matter can transfer between the system and its surroundings
Closed systems can transfer energy but not matter to its surroundings.
First Law of Thermodynamics says that the total amount of energy in the universe is constant and never changes. Energy can exist in many forms, so that energy can transform from place to place or transform in to different forms, but cannot be created or destroyed.
Heat energy is energy that transfers from one system to another that is not doing work.
Entropy (Second Law of Thermodynamics) is the measure of randomness or disorder within a system. High entropy is high disorder and low energy.
ATP adenosine triphosphate are energy supplying molecules of cells and primary energy currency; ATP powers most energy requiring cellular reactions
adenosine is bound to three phosphate groups; adenosine is a nucleoside with a nitrogenous base and five-carbon sugar ribose. The three phosphate groups are alpha, beta, and gamma. ATP is a highly unstable molecule.
Phosphoanhydride bond is a high energy bond that connects phosphates in an ATP molecule. Hydrolysis reaction removes one phosphate and releases energy.
ADP + Pi+free energy => ATP + H2O
ATP + H2O => ADP + Pi + free energy (reversible reaction)
Energy coupling is a process during which energy released by one reaction is used to drive another reaction. (eg. sodium-potassium pump)
Phosphorylation is a biochemical reaction that attaches a phosphate group (PO3-) to an organic molecule or ion and it is a common process in biology (ATP and cellular respiration) Phosphorylation is vital for cellular energy storage, transfer, and can also control proteins, such as enzymes, channels, and intracellular signaling molecules.
Enzymes are special molecules that catalyze biochemical reactions and help these reactions occur. Most enzymes are proteins, help to lower activation energies.
Enzyme substrates are the chemical reactants to which an enzyme binds. Active site is the location in the enzyme where the substrate binds and where the action happens.
Denature is a process that changes the substance's natural properties, by enzymes at high temperature.
Induced fit is the dynamic fit between the enzyme and its substrate, in which both components modify their structures to allow for ideal binding and maximizes the ability to catalyze the reaction.
Enzyme-substrate complex forms when the enzyme binds its substrate and lowers the reaction's activation energy and facilitates its rapid progression by modifying the atomic bond structure and changing the chemical environment.
Metabolism control through enzyme regulation and molecular regulation of enzymes can be done to increase or reduce their activity.
Competitive inhibition is a type of inhibition in which the inhibitor competes with the substrate molecule by binding to the enzyme's new site.
Non-competitive inhibition is when the inhibitor molecule binds to the enzyme in a location other than the active site (allosteric site), but still manages to prevent substrate binding to the active site.
Allosteric inhibition is a regulatory mechanism that occurs when a molecule binds an enzyme at a binding event at a site different than the active site, which induces a conformational change and reduces the enzyme's affinity for its substrate.
Cofactors are inorganic ions, such as iron and magnesium ions, required for optimal enzyme activity regulation.
Coenzymes are small organic molecules, such as vitamins or their derivatives, which are required to enhance the enzyme's activity.
Enzymes are compartmentalization into different organelles, so that enzymes required for certain processes are located in certain locations where they are needed along with their substrates.
Feedback inhibition is the use of a reaction product to regulate its own further production, including decrease production, by inhibiting the first enzyme's activity in the pathway that produces it. The cell responds to specific product abundance by reducing production, possibly by inhibiting enzymes.