The History of Science by Owen Borville
June 28, 2024
The Physical Sciences began with astronomy, and humans have been looking at the stars for thousands of years. The ancient builders even built their pyramids to align with the stars. Stars have been used to mark the seasons and many events in human history for thousands of years. Ancient Greeks formulated the first concept of the atom, the smallest units of matter. The basics of modern chemistry and physics are found in the stars and the heavens. Astronomy led to atmospheric science, where four elements were recognized: earth, fire, water, and air. These four elements were found not to be single elements but several elements. Fire was later found to need oxygen, and therefore was not an element. Earth, water, and air were found to have simpler elements within them in solid, liquid, and gaseous form. Soil in the earth contains many elements, including oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, magnesium, and sodium. Water, of course, contains hydrogen and oxygen. Air contains nitrogen, oxygen, and a smaller percentage of other gasses. Ether was proposed to make up the air in the absence of the other three elements in the universe, particularly in outer space.
Materials inside the earth were found by the ancients to have useful value for everyday life, including metals like iron, bronze, silver and gold, that were superior to stones. The Bible records Tubal Cain as among the first human metal workers. Experiments with metals performed by “alchemists” in the Middle Ages led to the field of chemistry, which further developed the atomic model in the 18th century. Experiments with materials would later be used to produce new products to enhance the lives of humans, including metals, wood products, and synthetic chemical based materials like plastic and fiberglass. Metals would be used to build buildings, machines, railroads, automobiles, and airplanes. Metals also became used in the production of machines powered by steam, gas, or electricity. Metals would also be used to produce computers and microchips, leading to the digital age. Then wireless technology was developed using metallic devices to send communications across the world.
Life sciences began as biomaterials were also used by ancient humans for agriculture to provide a food supply and source of trade. Plants were found to heal human diseases, along with certain chemicals, leading to the field of medicine in Egypt and Babylon. In ancient times, experiments on plants and animals were used not only as a food source for agriculture, but to help cure diseases and to find uses to make life more convenient. In addition to using biochemicals on humans to treat disease, humans began to experiment with surgery on the human body to cure certain diseases. Surgical methods improved over time as humans learned more about the anatomy and physiology of the human body. Surgical methods could also be used on animals to enhance the field of agriculture. Agriculture products also provided clothing for humans in the form of cotton, wool, and animal skins. Wood products would also be used to construct homes for humans, along with commercial uses.
Human Sciences began with the Biblical prophets and philosophers of Mesopotamia in their search for wisdom and immortality. The first set of laws were written in Mesopotamia to enforce safety, fairness, and order. Biblical kings and prophets explained their inspired wisdom in the Scriptures from Abraham to Moses to King David to Solomon to the disciples of Jesus Christ. Ancient Greek philosophers gave their views of the best forms of government, as written by Aristotle, Plato and others: Monarchy, Oligarchy, Tyranny, Democracy. Asian philosophy began in Babylon, Persia, India, and China, while trade between Europe (Rome) and Asia occurred along the Silk Road.
Then came the Middle Ages rise in the Christian Church Authority in the Holy Roman Empire 800-1800 AD along with the Islamic empires also rising during this time from Asia to eastern Europe. European colonialism and imperialism extended from 1400 to 1800 AD as new lands were being searched for resources, human labor, and new lands to invest in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Then in the 18th century, the rise in progressivism, enlightenment, and revolution occurred. Academics became secular and scholars of faith became marginalized in universities as these scholars blamed religion on political conflicts and hindrances to science. Adam Smith wrote the first economics book “The Wealth of Nations'' in 1776. New nations were declaring their independence from European colonial powers in the Americas and later in Africa and Asia.
Industrialization in the 19th century was spurred by the development of mass production in factories, the emergence of the railroad system to transport goods from one place to another, in addition to new forms of transportation with the automobile and the airplane in the 20th century. Two world wars changed the world in the 20th century, spurred by conflict concerning political alliances among the nations of the world. Economic depression rose from the banking financial industry. Military technology was increased, including atomic weapons, spurred by new discoveries in physics. The rise of radio technology, computers, and microchips led to the digital age. Today, wireless communication has revolutionized the world and has brought it closer together than ever before, despite ongoing political conflicts in the world in Europe and Asia.
Creationism rose in popularity in the 20th century after two centuries of incorrect science. Creationists taught the harmony with science and the Bible. Creation science began to rise in popularity despite the established science of the 20th century, with topics such as the origin of the Earth and the universe and theories of uniformitarianism versus catastrophism.
Creationists focus on the 6,000 year timeline since the Six-Day Creation Week vs the 4.5 billion year timeline for Earth/Solar System versus the 13 billion year old Universe timeline. Creationists cite abundant evidence from archaeology, astronomy, biology, chemistry, physics, and geology for a young origin of the Earth and universe.
The mature creation concept describes the sudden appearance of everything in the Universe in a mature state=planets and stars “made in place and set in motion”, Sudden appearance of fossils of complex organisms with no transitional fossils observed
Biogenesis is the concept that life can only come from life by way of reproduction. Abiogenesis, in contrast, claims that life can come from non-life or non-biological processes. Despite many attempts, scientists have not been able to show that life came from non-living things, or by random accident.
The Global Flood of Genesis occurred 4,300 years ago according to the Book of Genesis 6-9, Quran, Hindi, China, and every ancient creation story from every ancient civilization on Earth describes a human origin from the “watery chaos.” Coincidence? I think not.
Geological evidence for the global flood and young timeline is found in rock layers and fossils that were deposited by the catastrophic Flood of Noah. Erosional features from the Flood and unique rock formations, remnant flood lakes, salt flats, deserts also give evidence of this flood. Earth once was green and lush, but is now much dryer, and more desert areas exist. Subsurface waters, geysers, hydrothermal vents are the source of Flood Waters. Much volcanism-tectonism during the Flood altered the ocean waters and much mineral deposition including limestone.
One Ice Age occurred immediately after the Flood and directly caused by the Flood, as millions of frozen mammoth carcasses have been found in Siberia. Antarctica was warm, as warm climate fossils have been found under the ice. Earth was once uniformly warm, but some catastrophic event changes the global weather patterns on earth and created the polar ice caps. Creationists believe that the global flood was the catastrophic event that caused global weather patterns to change. Creationists have refuted multiple ice ages proposed by evolutionists, who always propose long time periods to fit their time scale. Multiple polar ice layers claimed to be annual layers could have formed much quicker, during the same catastrophic flood and ice age event. The evidence for the universal warm weather on Earth also gives evidence for some sort of protective canopy layer surrounding the Earth's atmosphere. Paleoclimate patterns on Earth can help us find evidence for the universal warm weather patterns and ice age events.
In science, grand theories have been refuted by creationist minded scientists. Established science claims macroevolution and uniformitarian geologic time over millions of years, however, creationists have shown that the present processes are Not the Key to the Past. The Global Flood of Noah and the associated intense volcanism-tectonism is not occurring today, as the Earth has since cooled off and reached an equilibrium. Charles Darwin and Charles Lyell (James Hutton) made false interpretations of macroevolution and the rock record. Index fossils and the Geologic Time Scale proposed by established scientists give a false interpretation of Earth’s timeline.
The Big Bang Theory and Solar Nebula Theory are major theories in astronomy for the origin of the universe and planets that established scientists have trouble confirming. The inflation problem, universe stretching, impact theory have been refuted by creationist scientists. Bible verses mention God Spreading Universe out some 18 times. (Inflation?) This spreading caused the immense astronomical distances and light traveling faster than the speed of light. String Theory attempts to unify gravity theories like energy, E=mc2 into a grand theory and these theories showcase the element of design in the Universe by Intelligent design and not by random events. Creationists have shown that magnetic fields of planets (dynamo) and stars are young, and cannot last millions of years, and have shown evidence for supernova youth. There should not be heavy elements in distant stars, but we have evidence that there are heavy elements in these distant stars. Distant stars and galaxies appear mature with the existence of elements that would have needed more time to “evolve.” What force holds the galaxies together and causes them to rotate in perfect spiral forms? What causes planetary bodies to rotate around a larger gravitational body and the smallest particles to rotate around an atomic nucleus? Is there a universal gravity equation? Comets confirm Creation, as astronomers have difficulty explaining their existence for such long periods of time without burning up into the sun. Earth’s unique position in the universe allows life, which must be a supernatural effort. Other planetary bodies allow life to exist on earth, such as Jupiter and Saturn, which block asteroids. The youth of the planets and rings are apparent. Dark matter, black holes, and starlight distance-time paradox are more topics that astronomers have difficulty explaining. Are solar eclipses coincidences? Or Intelligent Design? An alternate theory is the Steady State Theory or (static universe) where the universe was always in a steady state. This theory could work with theists but non theists must explain where the universe originated. Theists explain that God created the universe in a steady state. Other theories include the multiverse, cyclical, and string theory.
The theory of plate tectonics claims continental drift as Earth’s tectonic plates are broken like a jigsaw puzzle. Geosyncline valleys exist across the earth’s surface where the crust has been pulled apart and these valleys have been created. Convection cells in Earth’s mantle layer are spurred by the moon’s gravitational pull. Problems with plate tectonic theory include the existence of triple point plate boundaries, friction between plates, volcanic activity during the flood, and thick limestone deposits around Earth precipitated from Flood volcanic activity. The continental plates seem to be sliding across the earth when actually the earth has expanded significantly from internal thermal heat and then later cooled and contracted. This contraction has created the mountain ranges and many faults and fractures across the earth’s crust. A better theory is a thermal expansion and contraction model of the Earth, the contraction of which would create the mountains on Earth. The continents don't slide across the earth but rather expand and contract.
Radio Isotope Dating methods Refuted: Assigned ages are incorrect for carbon and isotope dating. The large ages claimed are not accurate because radiation levels after the Flood dramatically altered conditions on earth and caused the false and exaggerated ages. There was long lifespans of animals before Flood, and tree rings are not older than 5,000 years old. Isotope dating for rocks is unconfirmable because the rate of decay could have been faster in the past and the amount of parent material is unknown.
Genetics and mitochondrial DNA have been studied for the children of Noah after the Flood repopulation of Earth. Gregor Mendel's work gave strong evidence that variations in living things are genetic versus Darwin’s ideas of evolution by environmental conditions. Mutations are not evidence of macroevolution but rather the reshuffling of existing genes.
Fewer kinds of life, not millions of species were taken on Noah’s Ark as needed to reproduce and replenish life after the Flood. Kinds can reproduce together and produce the variation we see today after 4,300 years, as we see in variations of dogs and horses within a few thousand years by selective breeding. Humans spread throughout the world on foot and by boat and took animals and plants with them and replenished the Earth.
June 28, 2024
The Physical Sciences began with astronomy, and humans have been looking at the stars for thousands of years. The ancient builders even built their pyramids to align with the stars. Stars have been used to mark the seasons and many events in human history for thousands of years. Ancient Greeks formulated the first concept of the atom, the smallest units of matter. The basics of modern chemistry and physics are found in the stars and the heavens. Astronomy led to atmospheric science, where four elements were recognized: earth, fire, water, and air. These four elements were found not to be single elements but several elements. Fire was later found to need oxygen, and therefore was not an element. Earth, water, and air were found to have simpler elements within them in solid, liquid, and gaseous form. Soil in the earth contains many elements, including oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, magnesium, and sodium. Water, of course, contains hydrogen and oxygen. Air contains nitrogen, oxygen, and a smaller percentage of other gasses. Ether was proposed to make up the air in the absence of the other three elements in the universe, particularly in outer space.
Materials inside the earth were found by the ancients to have useful value for everyday life, including metals like iron, bronze, silver and gold, that were superior to stones. The Bible records Tubal Cain as among the first human metal workers. Experiments with metals performed by “alchemists” in the Middle Ages led to the field of chemistry, which further developed the atomic model in the 18th century. Experiments with materials would later be used to produce new products to enhance the lives of humans, including metals, wood products, and synthetic chemical based materials like plastic and fiberglass. Metals would be used to build buildings, machines, railroads, automobiles, and airplanes. Metals also became used in the production of machines powered by steam, gas, or electricity. Metals would also be used to produce computers and microchips, leading to the digital age. Then wireless technology was developed using metallic devices to send communications across the world.
Life sciences began as biomaterials were also used by ancient humans for agriculture to provide a food supply and source of trade. Plants were found to heal human diseases, along with certain chemicals, leading to the field of medicine in Egypt and Babylon. In ancient times, experiments on plants and animals were used not only as a food source for agriculture, but to help cure diseases and to find uses to make life more convenient. In addition to using biochemicals on humans to treat disease, humans began to experiment with surgery on the human body to cure certain diseases. Surgical methods improved over time as humans learned more about the anatomy and physiology of the human body. Surgical methods could also be used on animals to enhance the field of agriculture. Agriculture products also provided clothing for humans in the form of cotton, wool, and animal skins. Wood products would also be used to construct homes for humans, along with commercial uses.
Human Sciences began with the Biblical prophets and philosophers of Mesopotamia in their search for wisdom and immortality. The first set of laws were written in Mesopotamia to enforce safety, fairness, and order. Biblical kings and prophets explained their inspired wisdom in the Scriptures from Abraham to Moses to King David to Solomon to the disciples of Jesus Christ. Ancient Greek philosophers gave their views of the best forms of government, as written by Aristotle, Plato and others: Monarchy, Oligarchy, Tyranny, Democracy. Asian philosophy began in Babylon, Persia, India, and China, while trade between Europe (Rome) and Asia occurred along the Silk Road.
Then came the Middle Ages rise in the Christian Church Authority in the Holy Roman Empire 800-1800 AD along with the Islamic empires also rising during this time from Asia to eastern Europe. European colonialism and imperialism extended from 1400 to 1800 AD as new lands were being searched for resources, human labor, and new lands to invest in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Then in the 18th century, the rise in progressivism, enlightenment, and revolution occurred. Academics became secular and scholars of faith became marginalized in universities as these scholars blamed religion on political conflicts and hindrances to science. Adam Smith wrote the first economics book “The Wealth of Nations'' in 1776. New nations were declaring their independence from European colonial powers in the Americas and later in Africa and Asia.
Industrialization in the 19th century was spurred by the development of mass production in factories, the emergence of the railroad system to transport goods from one place to another, in addition to new forms of transportation with the automobile and the airplane in the 20th century. Two world wars changed the world in the 20th century, spurred by conflict concerning political alliances among the nations of the world. Economic depression rose from the banking financial industry. Military technology was increased, including atomic weapons, spurred by new discoveries in physics. The rise of radio technology, computers, and microchips led to the digital age. Today, wireless communication has revolutionized the world and has brought it closer together than ever before, despite ongoing political conflicts in the world in Europe and Asia.
Creationism rose in popularity in the 20th century after two centuries of incorrect science. Creationists taught the harmony with science and the Bible. Creation science began to rise in popularity despite the established science of the 20th century, with topics such as the origin of the Earth and the universe and theories of uniformitarianism versus catastrophism.
Creationists focus on the 6,000 year timeline since the Six-Day Creation Week vs the 4.5 billion year timeline for Earth/Solar System versus the 13 billion year old Universe timeline. Creationists cite abundant evidence from archaeology, astronomy, biology, chemistry, physics, and geology for a young origin of the Earth and universe.
The mature creation concept describes the sudden appearance of everything in the Universe in a mature state=planets and stars “made in place and set in motion”, Sudden appearance of fossils of complex organisms with no transitional fossils observed
Biogenesis is the concept that life can only come from life by way of reproduction. Abiogenesis, in contrast, claims that life can come from non-life or non-biological processes. Despite many attempts, scientists have not been able to show that life came from non-living things, or by random accident.
The Global Flood of Genesis occurred 4,300 years ago according to the Book of Genesis 6-9, Quran, Hindi, China, and every ancient creation story from every ancient civilization on Earth describes a human origin from the “watery chaos.” Coincidence? I think not.
Geological evidence for the global flood and young timeline is found in rock layers and fossils that were deposited by the catastrophic Flood of Noah. Erosional features from the Flood and unique rock formations, remnant flood lakes, salt flats, deserts also give evidence of this flood. Earth once was green and lush, but is now much dryer, and more desert areas exist. Subsurface waters, geysers, hydrothermal vents are the source of Flood Waters. Much volcanism-tectonism during the Flood altered the ocean waters and much mineral deposition including limestone.
One Ice Age occurred immediately after the Flood and directly caused by the Flood, as millions of frozen mammoth carcasses have been found in Siberia. Antarctica was warm, as warm climate fossils have been found under the ice. Earth was once uniformly warm, but some catastrophic event changes the global weather patterns on earth and created the polar ice caps. Creationists believe that the global flood was the catastrophic event that caused global weather patterns to change. Creationists have refuted multiple ice ages proposed by evolutionists, who always propose long time periods to fit their time scale. Multiple polar ice layers claimed to be annual layers could have formed much quicker, during the same catastrophic flood and ice age event. The evidence for the universal warm weather on Earth also gives evidence for some sort of protective canopy layer surrounding the Earth's atmosphere. Paleoclimate patterns on Earth can help us find evidence for the universal warm weather patterns and ice age events.
In science, grand theories have been refuted by creationist minded scientists. Established science claims macroevolution and uniformitarian geologic time over millions of years, however, creationists have shown that the present processes are Not the Key to the Past. The Global Flood of Noah and the associated intense volcanism-tectonism is not occurring today, as the Earth has since cooled off and reached an equilibrium. Charles Darwin and Charles Lyell (James Hutton) made false interpretations of macroevolution and the rock record. Index fossils and the Geologic Time Scale proposed by established scientists give a false interpretation of Earth’s timeline.
The Big Bang Theory and Solar Nebula Theory are major theories in astronomy for the origin of the universe and planets that established scientists have trouble confirming. The inflation problem, universe stretching, impact theory have been refuted by creationist scientists. Bible verses mention God Spreading Universe out some 18 times. (Inflation?) This spreading caused the immense astronomical distances and light traveling faster than the speed of light. String Theory attempts to unify gravity theories like energy, E=mc2 into a grand theory and these theories showcase the element of design in the Universe by Intelligent design and not by random events. Creationists have shown that magnetic fields of planets (dynamo) and stars are young, and cannot last millions of years, and have shown evidence for supernova youth. There should not be heavy elements in distant stars, but we have evidence that there are heavy elements in these distant stars. Distant stars and galaxies appear mature with the existence of elements that would have needed more time to “evolve.” What force holds the galaxies together and causes them to rotate in perfect spiral forms? What causes planetary bodies to rotate around a larger gravitational body and the smallest particles to rotate around an atomic nucleus? Is there a universal gravity equation? Comets confirm Creation, as astronomers have difficulty explaining their existence for such long periods of time without burning up into the sun. Earth’s unique position in the universe allows life, which must be a supernatural effort. Other planetary bodies allow life to exist on earth, such as Jupiter and Saturn, which block asteroids. The youth of the planets and rings are apparent. Dark matter, black holes, and starlight distance-time paradox are more topics that astronomers have difficulty explaining. Are solar eclipses coincidences? Or Intelligent Design? An alternate theory is the Steady State Theory or (static universe) where the universe was always in a steady state. This theory could work with theists but non theists must explain where the universe originated. Theists explain that God created the universe in a steady state. Other theories include the multiverse, cyclical, and string theory.
The theory of plate tectonics claims continental drift as Earth’s tectonic plates are broken like a jigsaw puzzle. Geosyncline valleys exist across the earth’s surface where the crust has been pulled apart and these valleys have been created. Convection cells in Earth’s mantle layer are spurred by the moon’s gravitational pull. Problems with plate tectonic theory include the existence of triple point plate boundaries, friction between plates, volcanic activity during the flood, and thick limestone deposits around Earth precipitated from Flood volcanic activity. The continental plates seem to be sliding across the earth when actually the earth has expanded significantly from internal thermal heat and then later cooled and contracted. This contraction has created the mountain ranges and many faults and fractures across the earth’s crust. A better theory is a thermal expansion and contraction model of the Earth, the contraction of which would create the mountains on Earth. The continents don't slide across the earth but rather expand and contract.
Radio Isotope Dating methods Refuted: Assigned ages are incorrect for carbon and isotope dating. The large ages claimed are not accurate because radiation levels after the Flood dramatically altered conditions on earth and caused the false and exaggerated ages. There was long lifespans of animals before Flood, and tree rings are not older than 5,000 years old. Isotope dating for rocks is unconfirmable because the rate of decay could have been faster in the past and the amount of parent material is unknown.
Genetics and mitochondrial DNA have been studied for the children of Noah after the Flood repopulation of Earth. Gregor Mendel's work gave strong evidence that variations in living things are genetic versus Darwin’s ideas of evolution by environmental conditions. Mutations are not evidence of macroevolution but rather the reshuffling of existing genes.
Fewer kinds of life, not millions of species were taken on Noah’s Ark as needed to reproduce and replenish life after the Flood. Kinds can reproduce together and produce the variation we see today after 4,300 years, as we see in variations of dogs and horses within a few thousand years by selective breeding. Humans spread throughout the world on foot and by boat and took animals and plants with them and replenished the Earth.