Geology and Earth Science Index by Owen Borville
Aa 67
Ablation 174
Abrasion 78, 176, 183
Abyssal plain 170
Acceleration 119
Accelerograph 119
Accessory minerals 34
Accretionary wedge 15
Accumulation zone 174
Acicular 32
Acoustic velocity logs 133
Actinolite 38, 204
Active fault 124
Aegirine 37
Aeration zone 159
Aerosol 61
Aftershock 125
Agate 44, 205
Agonic line 136
Albite 45
Alkali feldspar 45
Alkaline rocks 58
Allochthonous 79
Allogenic 79
Alluvial fans 153, 190
Alluvium 153
Amazonite 206
Amblygonite 49
Amethyst 44, 244
Amorphous 57
Amphiboles 38
Amphibolite 38, 95, 271
Amygdules 61
Analcime 46
Anastomosing 155
Andalusite 36
Andesine 45
Andesite 58, 257
Angle of repose 140
Angular unconformity 101
Angularity 79
Anhedral 32
Anhydrite 48
Anhydrous 49
Anion 24
Ankerite 47
Annealing 91
Annular drainage 155
Anorthite 45
Anorthoclase 45
Anticline 106
Aolean 183
Apatite 49, 207
Aphanitic texture 56
Aquiclude 160
Aquifer 161
Aquifuge 160
Aquitard 160
Aragonite 46, 208, 209
Arenite 80
Arête 177
Argillite 82
Arkose 80, 285
Arroyo 190
Arsenopyrite 49
Artesian well/aquifer 162
Ash 67
Asthenosphere 13
Atmosphere 9
Atoll 172
Atom 24
Atomic mass number 24
Atomic number 24
Augite 37
Aureole 92
Autochthonous 79
Avulsion 150
Axial plane 108
Azurite 46
B
Back arc basin 16
Backshore 198
Bajadas 190
Banded iron formations 89
Barchan dunes 185
Barchanoid dunes 186
Barite 48, 210
Barrier islands 201
Basalt 58, 258
Base flow 144
Base level 156
Basic rocks 58
Basin 112
Batholith 64
Bauxite 48, 211
Baymouth bar 200
Beach 198
Bed load 145, 183
Bedding 84
Bedrock 84
Bergschrund 178
Bergy seltzer 178
Berm 198
Beryl 46, 212
Biochemical sedimentary rocks 82
Biotite 39, 40, 213
Birefringence 32
Bladed 32
Block faulting 114
Blowout 184
Blueschist 96
Body waves 120
Bombs 67
Bonding 24
Borates 50
Borax 50
Bornite 49, 214
Botryoidal 32
Bouma sequences 169
Bowen’s Reaction Series 54
Braided stream 146
Breaking waves 195
Breccia 80, 286
Brittle 105
Brittle-ductile transition zone 119
Brucite 48
Butte 190
Bytownite 45
C
Calcite 46, 216
Caldera 69
Caliche 189
Capillary fringe 160
Caprock 87
Carbonates 46
Carnotite 89
Cataclastic rock 115
Cation 24
Cave 165
Celestine 49
Cement 79
Cementation 79
Cerussite 47
Chain silicates 37
Chalcedony 44, 215
Chalcocite 49
Chalcopyrite 49, 217
Chalk 82, 298
Challenger Deep 15
Channel flow 144
Chemical sedimentary rock 82
Chemical weathering 76
Chert 44, 83
Chevron folds 109
Chlorite 40, 44
Chondrites 97
Chromite 47
Chromophore 32
Cinder cone 69
Cinnabar 49
Circum-Pacific Belt 124
Cirque 177
Citrine 44
Clay 78
Clay minerals 39, 42
Cleavage 29
Coal 88, 282, 283
Color 27
Columnar jointing 68
Compaction 79
Competence of a stream 145
Compound 24
Compression 103
Conchoidal fracture 30
Concretion 83
Cone of depression 163
Confined aquifer 162
Conglomerate 80, 288
Contact metamorphism 91
Continental-continental boundary 17
Continental crust 9, 127
Continental drift 19
Continental margin 168
Continental-oceanic boundary 14
Continental rise 168
Continental shelf 168
Continental slope 168
Continuous branch 55
Convection cells 20
Convergent boundaries 14
Copper 50, 218
Coquina 82
Cordierite 46
Core 9, 127
Cores 132
Corundum 47, 219
Coupled substitution 34
Covalent bond 24
Covellite 49
Crater 69
Cratons 117
Creep 142
Crest 193
Crevasse 178
Cross-bedding 85
Cross-cutting relationships, principle of 99
Crust 9, 127
Cubic 27
Crystal forms 27
Crystal systems 28
Cuprite 47
Cut banks 149
Cyclosilicates 46
D
Dacite 59
Debris flow 141
Deflation 183
Deformation 103
Deltas 151
Dendritic 32
Dendritic drainage 154
Density currents 85
Density logs 133
Desert 183
Desert pavement 183
Desert varnish 184
Detrital sediment 78
Diagenesis 79
Diamond 96
Daipir 64
Diatreme 64
Differential erosion 73
Dike 61
Dioctahedral 42
Diopside 37, 220
Diorite 58, 259
Dip 105
Dip-slip faults 112
Discharge (stream) 145
Disconformity 101
Discontinuous branch 54
Disilicates 46
Dissolution 165
Dissolved load 145
Divergent plate boundary 13
Dodecahedron 28
Dolines 165
Dolomite 46, 221
Dolostone 82
Domes 112
Double chain silicates 38
Double refraction 32
Draa 184
Drainage basin 154
Drift, glacial 176
Drift, stratified 176
Drumlins 179
Ductile 105
Dunes 184
Dunite 57
Durable crust 184
Dynamic metamorphism 92
E
Earthflow 141
Earthquakes 119
Earthquake hazard 123
East Africa rift valley 13
Eclogite 96
Elasticity 105
Elastic deformation 105
Elastic limit 105
Electrons 24
Elements 24, 25
Emergent coastlines 202
Enstatite 37
Ephemeral stream 190
Epicenter 120
Epidote 46
Ergs 184
Erosion 51, 73
Erratics, glacial 178
Esker 180
Estuary 202
Euhedral 32
Evaporates 33, 82
Exsolution 45, 56
Extrusive igneous rocks 51, 53
F
Facies 83
Faults 112
Fault propagation folds 109
Fault scarps 115
Faunal succession, principle of 99
Feldspar 45
Feldspathoid 45
Felsic 53
Fetch 194
Fibrous 32
Fiord 177
Firn limit 175
Fissure 70
Flint 44
Floodplain 150
Fluorescence 32
Fluorite 47, 222
Focus 120
Fold axis 108
Folds 106
Foliated metamorphic rocks 93
Foliation 92
Footwall 112
Forearc 17
Foreshock 125
Foreshore 198
Fossil succession, principle of 99
Fossils 86, 297-300
Fracture 30, 105
Framework silicates 44
Freeze-thaw cycle 75
Frost action 75
Frost heaving 75
Frost wedging 75
G
Gabbro 58, 260
Galena 49, 223
Gamma ray logs 133
Garnet 36, 224
Geode 44, 268
Geographic North Pole 135
Geologic time scale 100
Geophysical logs 132
Geothermal energy 165
Geyserite 164
Geysers 164
Glacial budget 174
Glaciers 174
Glass 57
Glauconite 40
Glaucophane 38
Gneiss 93, 227
Gold 50
Gossan 77
Graben 114
Graded bedding 84
Graded stream 156
Gradient 145
Granite 59, 261, 262
Granoblastic 91
Granulite facies 95
Graphite 96, 225
Gravel 78
Gravimeter 131
Gravity 131
Gravity anomaly 131
Greywacke 80
Greenschist 95
Greenstone 95
Groin 200
Ground failure 123
Groundmass 57
Ground penetrating radar 134
Groundwater 159
Groundwater contamination 164
Gulf of California 13
Guyots 171
Gypsum 48, 226
H
Habits (crystal) 31
Halides 47
Halite 47
Hanging valley 177
Hanging wall 112
Hardness 31
Harzburgite 57
Head 162
Hedenbergite 37
Hematite 47, 227, 228
Hexagonal 28
Hexagonal prism 27
Hexagonal pyramid 28
Hinge line 108
Horn 177
Hornblende 38, 229
Hornfels 95
Horst and graben 114
Hot spots 21
Hot springs 164
Hydrocarbons 87
Hydrolysis 77
Hydrosphere 9
Hydrothermal alteration 164
Hydrothermal veins 33
Hydrothermal vent 171
Hydroxides 48
Hypersthene 37
Hypocenter 120
I
Igneous rock 50, 52, 53
Ignimbrite 70
Illite 43
Ilmenite 47
Immature sandstone 81
Incised meander 157
Inclined fold 108
Inclusions, principle of 99
Index minerals 96
Induced polarization 133
Induction logging 133
Infiltration capacity 144
Inselberg 190
Intensity 122
Intermediate magma 53
Intrusive igneous rocks 50, 53
Ion 24
Ionic bond 24
Ionic substitution 34
Isometric 28
Isostasy 181
Isostatic rebound 181
Isotope 24
J
Jadeite 37
Jasper 44, 230
Jetty 200
Joint 112
Jӧkulhlaup 180
K
Kame 180
Kaolinite 40, 42
Karst topography 165
Kettles 180
Kimberlite 60
Kyanite 36
L
L-wave 120
Labradorite 45, 231
Laccolith 61
Lahar 67
Laminar flow 144
Lamprophyre 59
Lapilli 67
Lateral continuity, principle of 99
Lateral spreads 123
Lava 33, 51, 53
Lava domes 70
Lava flows 66
Lava fountain 67
Lava tubes 68
Lepidolite 40, 232
Leucite 45
Levee 150
Limbs 108
Limestone 82, 289, 298
Limonite 48, 233
Linear dunes 186
Liquefaction 123
Lithification 79
Lithosphere 9
Loam 74
Loess 188
Longitudinal dunes 185
Longshore current 199
Longshore drift 199
Lopolith 62
Love waves 120
Luster 27
M
Maar crater 69
Mafic 53
Magma 33, 50, 53
Magnetic anomaly 137
Magnetic declination 135
Magnetic field 134
Magnetic inclination 137
Magnetic logs 134
Magnetic polarity reversals 137
Magnetic striping 138
Magnesite 47
Magnetic North Pole 135
Magnetite 47, 234
Magnetometer 137
Magnitude 122
Malachite 46, 235
Mammillary 32
Manganese oxide 48, 236
Mantle 9, 127
Mantle plume 21
Marble 94, 279, 280
Marianas Trench 15
Marl 81
Mass wasting 140
Massive 32
Matter 24
Mature sandstone 81
Meandering stream 147
Mechanical weathering 74
Mélange 115
Mesa 190
Metamorphic grade 95
Metamorphic rocks 51, 90
Metamorphism 33, 91
Meteorites 97
Mica 39, 40, 237
Micrite 82
Microcline 45
Mid-ocean ridges 13
Migmatite 94
Milky quartz 44, 245
Mineral definition 27
Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale 122
Moho 131
Mohorovicic discontinuity 131
Mohs scale 31
Molybdenite 49
Moment magnitude 122
Monocline 106
Monoclinic 28
Moraines 175, 178
Mudcracks 86
Mudflow 141
Mudrock 81
Mudstone 290
Muscovite 39, 40, 238
Mylonite 92
N
Natrolite 46
Natural gas 87
Nepheline 45
Neutron logging 133
Neutrons 24
Nodules 83, 269
Nonconformity 101
Normal fault 112
Nuee ardente 70
O
Obsidian 60, 263
Oceanic crust 9, 127
Oceanic-oceanic boundary 15
Octahedron 28
Octahedral sheets 42
Oil shale 88, 293
Oligoclase 45
Olivine 36, 239
Omission substitution 34
Ooids 170
Oozes 172
Opal 44
Ophiolites 17
Original horizontality, principle of 99
Orogeny 117
Orpiment 49
Orthoclase 45, 240
Orthoquartzite 81
Orthorhombic 28
Orthosilicate minerals 36
Outwash plain 179
Overturned fold 108
Oxbow lake 148
Oxidation 76
Oxide minerals 47
P
P-waves 120
Pahoehoe 67
Paleoclimates 189
Paleomagnetism 19, 137
Paleosols 189
Pangaea 19
Parabolic dunes 187
Parallel drainage 155
Partial melting 56
Pediments 190
Pegmatite 60
Pelagic sediments 170, 172
Pelite 81
Perched aquifer 161
Peridotite 57
Permafrost 142
Permeability 159
Perthite 45
Petroleum 87
Petroleum traps 116
Phaneritic 56
Phases 24
Phenocryst 57
Phlogopite 40
Phosphates 49
Phreatic zone 159
Phyllite 93
Phyllosilicates 39
Pillow lava 69
Pisoliths 170
Placer deposits 50
Plagioclase 45, 241
Plastic deformation 105
Plate tectonics 11
Playas 190
Plucking 176
Plunging fold 108
Pluton 61
Point bars 146, 149
Polarity 137
Polish, glacial 176
Polymorphism 32
Porosity 132, 159
Porosity logging 133
Porphyritic 57
Porphyroblasts 91
Porphyroclasts 91
Porphyry 57
Potassium feldspar 45
Potentiometric surface 162
Precipitation 33
Pressure release 75
Pressure ridges 68
Primary waves 120
Prismatic 32
Prograding delta 151
Protons 24
Pull-apart basin 113
Pumice 61, 264
Pyrite 49, 242
Pyritohedron 28
Pyroclastic 53, 57
Pyroclastic eruption 67
Pyroclastic flow 67
Pyroclastic surge 67
Pyrolusite 48
Pyrophyllite 40
Pyroxene 37
Q
Quarrying 176
Quartz 44, 243
Quartzite 94, 272
Quick clay 141
R
Radial drainage 155
Radioactive decay 100
Radiometric dating 100
Rayleigh waves 120
Realgar 49
Recrystallization 91
Rectangular drainage 155
Recumbent fold 109
Red sea 13
Reefs 172
Reflection of seismic waves 128
Refraction of seismic waves 128
Regional metamorphism 92
Relative dating 99
Reniform 32
Reserves 33
Resistivity 132
Resistivity logs 132
Resources 33
Reverse fault 112
Rhodochrosite 47
Rhombohedron 28
Rhyolite 59, 265
Richter scale 122
Ridges, oceanic 170
Ridge push 20
Rift boundary 13
Ring silicates 46
Rip currents 196
Ripple marks 86
Roche moutonee 178
Rock cycle 50
Rock falls 140
Rock flour 179
Rock salt 247
Rock varnish 189
Rose quartz 44, 246
Rounding 78
Runoff 144
Rutile 48
S
S-waves 120
Sabkha 190
Saltation 145, 183
Salt domes 87, 116
Salt flats 190
Saltwater intrusion 164
San Andreas Fault 18
Sand 78
Sand dunes 184
Sandstone 80, 291
Sandur 179
Sanidine 45
Saturated zone 159
Scalenohedron 28
Schist 93, 274-276
Schistosity 93
Scoria 61, 266
Sea arches 202
Sea caves 202
Sea cliffs 202
Sea stacks 202
Seafloor spreading 19
Seamounts 171
Sediment 73, 77
Sediments, deep sea 172
Sedimentary rocks 51, 73, 77
Sedimentary structures 84
Seiches 123
Seif dune 185
Seismic discontinuity 128
Seismic moment 123
Seismic profiling 171
Seismic waves 119
Seismograph 119
Seismology 119
Seismometer 119
Septarian nodule 269
Serpentine 40
Shadow zones 129
Shale 81, 292, 300
Shear stress 103
Sheet flow 144
Sheet silicates 39
Shield 117
Shield volcano 69
Shrink swell 42
Siderite 47
Silcrete 184
Silica tetrahedron 35
Silicate minerals 35
Sillimanite 36
Sill 61
Silt 78
Siltstone 294
Sinkholes 165
Skarn 95, 281
Skylight 68
Slab-pull mechanism 20
Slate 93, 273
Slaty cleavage 93
Slickenlines 115
Slickensides 115
Slide 141
Slump 141
Smectite 43
Smithsonite 47
Smoky quartz 44
Snowline 175
Sodalite 46, 248
Soil 74
Soil horizons 74
Sole marks 84
Solifluction 142
Solution 76
Solution valleys 165
Sonic log 133
Sorting 78
Spatter cones 68
Spatter ramparts 68
Specific gravity 31
Specific yield 163
Spectrometer 32
Sphalerite 49, 249
Sphene 36
Spinel 47
Spit 200
Spodumene 37
Spontaneous potential log 133
Spreading ridge 14
Spring 160
Stage 145
Stalactites 165
Stalagmites 166
Star dunes 188
Stibnite 49
Stock 64
Stoping 60
Strain 103
Strata 84
Stratovolcano 70
Streak 28
Stream capacity 145
Stream channel 145
Stress 103
Striated 32
Striations 176
Strike and dip 105
Strike-slip faults 113
Strontianite 47
Subangular 79
Subduction zone 14
Submarine canyons 169
Submarine fans 169
Submergent coastlines 202
Subsidence 164
Substitution 34
Sulfates 48
Sulfides 49
Sulfur 250
Supergene enrichment 77
Superposed streams 157
Superposition, principle of 99
Surface waves 120
Suspended load 145, 183
Swash zone 198
Swells 194
Syenite 59
Sylvite 47, 82
Syncline 106
T
Tabular 28, 32
Tafoni 189
Talc 40, 251
Tarns 177
Tar sands 88
Tectonic plates 13
Tectosilicates 44
Tektites 97
Tension 103
Tephra 67
Terrace, marine 202
Terrace, stream 157
Tetragonal 28
Tetrahedral layers 42
Tetrahedron 28, 35
Thermal convection cells 20
Thrust fault 112
Tides 193
Tigereye 252
Till, glacial 176
Titanite 36
Tombolo 200
Tomography, seismic 131
Topaz 36
Tourmaline 46, 253
Trachyte 59
Trains, valley 180
Transform plate boundary 18
Transverse dunes 186
Travertine 165, 295
Trellis drainage 155
Tremolite 38
Trenches 15, 170
Triclinic 28
Trioctahedral 42
Trough 193
Tsunami 123
Tufa 82, 287
Tuff 60, 267
Turbidites 169
Turbidity currents 85, 169
Turbulent flow 144
Turquoise 49, 254
Twinned 32
Twinning 45
U
U-shaped valleys 177
Ultramafic rock 57
Unconfined aquifers 161
Unconformity 101
Undersaturated 45
Uniformitarianism 100
Unsaturated zone 159
Uraninite 48, 89
Uranium 89
V
Vadose zone 159
Varnish, desert 184
Varves 180
Ventifacts 183
Vermiculite 40, 255
Vesicles 57
Viscosity 53
Volcanic arc 16
Volcanic breccia 60
Volcanic gas 66
Volcanic neck 64
Volcanoes 65
W
Wacke 80
Wastage zone 174
Water cycle 144
Water table 159
Wave base 194
Wave diffraction (ocean) 195
Wave height 194
Wave period 194
Wave refraction (ocean) 195
Wavelength 193
Waves, ocean 193
Weathering 51, 73
Well cores 131
Wells 131
Willemite 36
Witherite 47
X
Xenoblastic 91
Xenolith 60
Y
Yardangs 183
Z
Zeolites 46
Zircon 36
Aa 67
Ablation 174
Abrasion 78, 176, 183
Abyssal plain 170
Acceleration 119
Accelerograph 119
Accessory minerals 34
Accretionary wedge 15
Accumulation zone 174
Acicular 32
Acoustic velocity logs 133
Actinolite 38, 204
Active fault 124
Aegirine 37
Aeration zone 159
Aerosol 61
Aftershock 125
Agate 44, 205
Agonic line 136
Albite 45
Alkali feldspar 45
Alkaline rocks 58
Allochthonous 79
Allogenic 79
Alluvial fans 153, 190
Alluvium 153
Amazonite 206
Amblygonite 49
Amethyst 44, 244
Amorphous 57
Amphiboles 38
Amphibolite 38, 95, 271
Amygdules 61
Analcime 46
Anastomosing 155
Andalusite 36
Andesine 45
Andesite 58, 257
Angle of repose 140
Angular unconformity 101
Angularity 79
Anhedral 32
Anhydrite 48
Anhydrous 49
Anion 24
Ankerite 47
Annealing 91
Annular drainage 155
Anorthite 45
Anorthoclase 45
Anticline 106
Aolean 183
Apatite 49, 207
Aphanitic texture 56
Aquiclude 160
Aquifer 161
Aquifuge 160
Aquitard 160
Aragonite 46, 208, 209
Arenite 80
Arête 177
Argillite 82
Arkose 80, 285
Arroyo 190
Arsenopyrite 49
Artesian well/aquifer 162
Ash 67
Asthenosphere 13
Atmosphere 9
Atoll 172
Atom 24
Atomic mass number 24
Atomic number 24
Augite 37
Aureole 92
Autochthonous 79
Avulsion 150
Axial plane 108
Azurite 46
B
Back arc basin 16
Backshore 198
Bajadas 190
Banded iron formations 89
Barchan dunes 185
Barchanoid dunes 186
Barite 48, 210
Barrier islands 201
Basalt 58, 258
Base flow 144
Base level 156
Basic rocks 58
Basin 112
Batholith 64
Bauxite 48, 211
Baymouth bar 200
Beach 198
Bed load 145, 183
Bedding 84
Bedrock 84
Bergschrund 178
Bergy seltzer 178
Berm 198
Beryl 46, 212
Biochemical sedimentary rocks 82
Biotite 39, 40, 213
Birefringence 32
Bladed 32
Block faulting 114
Blowout 184
Blueschist 96
Body waves 120
Bombs 67
Bonding 24
Borates 50
Borax 50
Bornite 49, 214
Botryoidal 32
Bouma sequences 169
Bowen’s Reaction Series 54
Braided stream 146
Breaking waves 195
Breccia 80, 286
Brittle 105
Brittle-ductile transition zone 119
Brucite 48
Butte 190
Bytownite 45
C
Calcite 46, 216
Caldera 69
Caliche 189
Capillary fringe 160
Caprock 87
Carbonates 46
Carnotite 89
Cataclastic rock 115
Cation 24
Cave 165
Celestine 49
Cement 79
Cementation 79
Cerussite 47
Chain silicates 37
Chalcedony 44, 215
Chalcocite 49
Chalcopyrite 49, 217
Chalk 82, 298
Challenger Deep 15
Channel flow 144
Chemical sedimentary rock 82
Chemical weathering 76
Chert 44, 83
Chevron folds 109
Chlorite 40, 44
Chondrites 97
Chromite 47
Chromophore 32
Cinder cone 69
Cinnabar 49
Circum-Pacific Belt 124
Cirque 177
Citrine 44
Clay 78
Clay minerals 39, 42
Cleavage 29
Coal 88, 282, 283
Color 27
Columnar jointing 68
Compaction 79
Competence of a stream 145
Compound 24
Compression 103
Conchoidal fracture 30
Concretion 83
Cone of depression 163
Confined aquifer 162
Conglomerate 80, 288
Contact metamorphism 91
Continental-continental boundary 17
Continental crust 9, 127
Continental drift 19
Continental margin 168
Continental-oceanic boundary 14
Continental rise 168
Continental shelf 168
Continental slope 168
Continuous branch 55
Convection cells 20
Convergent boundaries 14
Copper 50, 218
Coquina 82
Cordierite 46
Core 9, 127
Cores 132
Corundum 47, 219
Coupled substitution 34
Covalent bond 24
Covellite 49
Crater 69
Cratons 117
Creep 142
Crest 193
Crevasse 178
Cross-bedding 85
Cross-cutting relationships, principle of 99
Crust 9, 127
Cubic 27
Crystal forms 27
Crystal systems 28
Cuprite 47
Cut banks 149
Cyclosilicates 46
D
Dacite 59
Debris flow 141
Deflation 183
Deformation 103
Deltas 151
Dendritic 32
Dendritic drainage 154
Density currents 85
Density logs 133
Desert 183
Desert pavement 183
Desert varnish 184
Detrital sediment 78
Diagenesis 79
Diamond 96
Daipir 64
Diatreme 64
Differential erosion 73
Dike 61
Dioctahedral 42
Diopside 37, 220
Diorite 58, 259
Dip 105
Dip-slip faults 112
Discharge (stream) 145
Disconformity 101
Discontinuous branch 54
Disilicates 46
Dissolution 165
Dissolved load 145
Divergent plate boundary 13
Dodecahedron 28
Dolines 165
Dolomite 46, 221
Dolostone 82
Domes 112
Double chain silicates 38
Double refraction 32
Draa 184
Drainage basin 154
Drift, glacial 176
Drift, stratified 176
Drumlins 179
Ductile 105
Dunes 184
Dunite 57
Durable crust 184
Dynamic metamorphism 92
E
Earthflow 141
Earthquakes 119
Earthquake hazard 123
East Africa rift valley 13
Eclogite 96
Elasticity 105
Elastic deformation 105
Elastic limit 105
Electrons 24
Elements 24, 25
Emergent coastlines 202
Enstatite 37
Ephemeral stream 190
Epicenter 120
Epidote 46
Ergs 184
Erosion 51, 73
Erratics, glacial 178
Esker 180
Estuary 202
Euhedral 32
Evaporates 33, 82
Exsolution 45, 56
Extrusive igneous rocks 51, 53
F
Facies 83
Faults 112
Fault propagation folds 109
Fault scarps 115
Faunal succession, principle of 99
Feldspar 45
Feldspathoid 45
Felsic 53
Fetch 194
Fibrous 32
Fiord 177
Firn limit 175
Fissure 70
Flint 44
Floodplain 150
Fluorescence 32
Fluorite 47, 222
Focus 120
Fold axis 108
Folds 106
Foliated metamorphic rocks 93
Foliation 92
Footwall 112
Forearc 17
Foreshock 125
Foreshore 198
Fossil succession, principle of 99
Fossils 86, 297-300
Fracture 30, 105
Framework silicates 44
Freeze-thaw cycle 75
Frost action 75
Frost heaving 75
Frost wedging 75
G
Gabbro 58, 260
Galena 49, 223
Gamma ray logs 133
Garnet 36, 224
Geode 44, 268
Geographic North Pole 135
Geologic time scale 100
Geophysical logs 132
Geothermal energy 165
Geyserite 164
Geysers 164
Glacial budget 174
Glaciers 174
Glass 57
Glauconite 40
Glaucophane 38
Gneiss 93, 227
Gold 50
Gossan 77
Graben 114
Graded bedding 84
Graded stream 156
Gradient 145
Granite 59, 261, 262
Granoblastic 91
Granulite facies 95
Graphite 96, 225
Gravel 78
Gravimeter 131
Gravity 131
Gravity anomaly 131
Greywacke 80
Greenschist 95
Greenstone 95
Groin 200
Ground failure 123
Groundmass 57
Ground penetrating radar 134
Groundwater 159
Groundwater contamination 164
Gulf of California 13
Guyots 171
Gypsum 48, 226
H
Habits (crystal) 31
Halides 47
Halite 47
Hanging valley 177
Hanging wall 112
Hardness 31
Harzburgite 57
Head 162
Hedenbergite 37
Hematite 47, 227, 228
Hexagonal 28
Hexagonal prism 27
Hexagonal pyramid 28
Hinge line 108
Horn 177
Hornblende 38, 229
Hornfels 95
Horst and graben 114
Hot spots 21
Hot springs 164
Hydrocarbons 87
Hydrolysis 77
Hydrosphere 9
Hydrothermal alteration 164
Hydrothermal veins 33
Hydrothermal vent 171
Hydroxides 48
Hypersthene 37
Hypocenter 120
I
Igneous rock 50, 52, 53
Ignimbrite 70
Illite 43
Ilmenite 47
Immature sandstone 81
Incised meander 157
Inclined fold 108
Inclusions, principle of 99
Index minerals 96
Induced polarization 133
Induction logging 133
Infiltration capacity 144
Inselberg 190
Intensity 122
Intermediate magma 53
Intrusive igneous rocks 50, 53
Ion 24
Ionic bond 24
Ionic substitution 34
Isometric 28
Isostasy 181
Isostatic rebound 181
Isotope 24
J
Jadeite 37
Jasper 44, 230
Jetty 200
Joint 112
Jӧkulhlaup 180
K
Kame 180
Kaolinite 40, 42
Karst topography 165
Kettles 180
Kimberlite 60
Kyanite 36
L
L-wave 120
Labradorite 45, 231
Laccolith 61
Lahar 67
Laminar flow 144
Lamprophyre 59
Lapilli 67
Lateral continuity, principle of 99
Lateral spreads 123
Lava 33, 51, 53
Lava domes 70
Lava flows 66
Lava fountain 67
Lava tubes 68
Lepidolite 40, 232
Leucite 45
Levee 150
Limbs 108
Limestone 82, 289, 298
Limonite 48, 233
Linear dunes 186
Liquefaction 123
Lithification 79
Lithosphere 9
Loam 74
Loess 188
Longitudinal dunes 185
Longshore current 199
Longshore drift 199
Lopolith 62
Love waves 120
Luster 27
M
Maar crater 69
Mafic 53
Magma 33, 50, 53
Magnetic anomaly 137
Magnetic declination 135
Magnetic field 134
Magnetic inclination 137
Magnetic logs 134
Magnetic polarity reversals 137
Magnetic striping 138
Magnesite 47
Magnetic North Pole 135
Magnetite 47, 234
Magnetometer 137
Magnitude 122
Malachite 46, 235
Mammillary 32
Manganese oxide 48, 236
Mantle 9, 127
Mantle plume 21
Marble 94, 279, 280
Marianas Trench 15
Marl 81
Mass wasting 140
Massive 32
Matter 24
Mature sandstone 81
Meandering stream 147
Mechanical weathering 74
Mélange 115
Mesa 190
Metamorphic grade 95
Metamorphic rocks 51, 90
Metamorphism 33, 91
Meteorites 97
Mica 39, 40, 237
Micrite 82
Microcline 45
Mid-ocean ridges 13
Migmatite 94
Milky quartz 44, 245
Mineral definition 27
Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale 122
Moho 131
Mohorovicic discontinuity 131
Mohs scale 31
Molybdenite 49
Moment magnitude 122
Monocline 106
Monoclinic 28
Moraines 175, 178
Mudcracks 86
Mudflow 141
Mudrock 81
Mudstone 290
Muscovite 39, 40, 238
Mylonite 92
N
Natrolite 46
Natural gas 87
Nepheline 45
Neutron logging 133
Neutrons 24
Nodules 83, 269
Nonconformity 101
Normal fault 112
Nuee ardente 70
O
Obsidian 60, 263
Oceanic crust 9, 127
Oceanic-oceanic boundary 15
Octahedron 28
Octahedral sheets 42
Oil shale 88, 293
Oligoclase 45
Olivine 36, 239
Omission substitution 34
Ooids 170
Oozes 172
Opal 44
Ophiolites 17
Original horizontality, principle of 99
Orogeny 117
Orpiment 49
Orthoclase 45, 240
Orthoquartzite 81
Orthorhombic 28
Orthosilicate minerals 36
Outwash plain 179
Overturned fold 108
Oxbow lake 148
Oxidation 76
Oxide minerals 47
P
P-waves 120
Pahoehoe 67
Paleoclimates 189
Paleomagnetism 19, 137
Paleosols 189
Pangaea 19
Parabolic dunes 187
Parallel drainage 155
Partial melting 56
Pediments 190
Pegmatite 60
Pelagic sediments 170, 172
Pelite 81
Perched aquifer 161
Peridotite 57
Permafrost 142
Permeability 159
Perthite 45
Petroleum 87
Petroleum traps 116
Phaneritic 56
Phases 24
Phenocryst 57
Phlogopite 40
Phosphates 49
Phreatic zone 159
Phyllite 93
Phyllosilicates 39
Pillow lava 69
Pisoliths 170
Placer deposits 50
Plagioclase 45, 241
Plastic deformation 105
Plate tectonics 11
Playas 190
Plucking 176
Plunging fold 108
Pluton 61
Point bars 146, 149
Polarity 137
Polish, glacial 176
Polymorphism 32
Porosity 132, 159
Porosity logging 133
Porphyritic 57
Porphyroblasts 91
Porphyroclasts 91
Porphyry 57
Potassium feldspar 45
Potentiometric surface 162
Precipitation 33
Pressure release 75
Pressure ridges 68
Primary waves 120
Prismatic 32
Prograding delta 151
Protons 24
Pull-apart basin 113
Pumice 61, 264
Pyrite 49, 242
Pyritohedron 28
Pyroclastic 53, 57
Pyroclastic eruption 67
Pyroclastic flow 67
Pyroclastic surge 67
Pyrolusite 48
Pyrophyllite 40
Pyroxene 37
Q
Quarrying 176
Quartz 44, 243
Quartzite 94, 272
Quick clay 141
R
Radial drainage 155
Radioactive decay 100
Radiometric dating 100
Rayleigh waves 120
Realgar 49
Recrystallization 91
Rectangular drainage 155
Recumbent fold 109
Red sea 13
Reefs 172
Reflection of seismic waves 128
Refraction of seismic waves 128
Regional metamorphism 92
Relative dating 99
Reniform 32
Reserves 33
Resistivity 132
Resistivity logs 132
Resources 33
Reverse fault 112
Rhodochrosite 47
Rhombohedron 28
Rhyolite 59, 265
Richter scale 122
Ridges, oceanic 170
Ridge push 20
Rift boundary 13
Ring silicates 46
Rip currents 196
Ripple marks 86
Roche moutonee 178
Rock cycle 50
Rock falls 140
Rock flour 179
Rock salt 247
Rock varnish 189
Rose quartz 44, 246
Rounding 78
Runoff 144
Rutile 48
S
S-waves 120
Sabkha 190
Saltation 145, 183
Salt domes 87, 116
Salt flats 190
Saltwater intrusion 164
San Andreas Fault 18
Sand 78
Sand dunes 184
Sandstone 80, 291
Sandur 179
Sanidine 45
Saturated zone 159
Scalenohedron 28
Schist 93, 274-276
Schistosity 93
Scoria 61, 266
Sea arches 202
Sea caves 202
Sea cliffs 202
Sea stacks 202
Seafloor spreading 19
Seamounts 171
Sediment 73, 77
Sediments, deep sea 172
Sedimentary rocks 51, 73, 77
Sedimentary structures 84
Seiches 123
Seif dune 185
Seismic discontinuity 128
Seismic moment 123
Seismic profiling 171
Seismic waves 119
Seismograph 119
Seismology 119
Seismometer 119
Septarian nodule 269
Serpentine 40
Shadow zones 129
Shale 81, 292, 300
Shear stress 103
Sheet flow 144
Sheet silicates 39
Shield 117
Shield volcano 69
Shrink swell 42
Siderite 47
Silcrete 184
Silica tetrahedron 35
Silicate minerals 35
Sillimanite 36
Sill 61
Silt 78
Siltstone 294
Sinkholes 165
Skarn 95, 281
Skylight 68
Slab-pull mechanism 20
Slate 93, 273
Slaty cleavage 93
Slickenlines 115
Slickensides 115
Slide 141
Slump 141
Smectite 43
Smithsonite 47
Smoky quartz 44
Snowline 175
Sodalite 46, 248
Soil 74
Soil horizons 74
Sole marks 84
Solifluction 142
Solution 76
Solution valleys 165
Sonic log 133
Sorting 78
Spatter cones 68
Spatter ramparts 68
Specific gravity 31
Specific yield 163
Spectrometer 32
Sphalerite 49, 249
Sphene 36
Spinel 47
Spit 200
Spodumene 37
Spontaneous potential log 133
Spreading ridge 14
Spring 160
Stage 145
Stalactites 165
Stalagmites 166
Star dunes 188
Stibnite 49
Stock 64
Stoping 60
Strain 103
Strata 84
Stratovolcano 70
Streak 28
Stream capacity 145
Stream channel 145
Stress 103
Striated 32
Striations 176
Strike and dip 105
Strike-slip faults 113
Strontianite 47
Subangular 79
Subduction zone 14
Submarine canyons 169
Submarine fans 169
Submergent coastlines 202
Subsidence 164
Substitution 34
Sulfates 48
Sulfides 49
Sulfur 250
Supergene enrichment 77
Superposed streams 157
Superposition, principle of 99
Surface waves 120
Suspended load 145, 183
Swash zone 198
Swells 194
Syenite 59
Sylvite 47, 82
Syncline 106
T
Tabular 28, 32
Tafoni 189
Talc 40, 251
Tarns 177
Tar sands 88
Tectonic plates 13
Tectosilicates 44
Tektites 97
Tension 103
Tephra 67
Terrace, marine 202
Terrace, stream 157
Tetragonal 28
Tetrahedral layers 42
Tetrahedron 28, 35
Thermal convection cells 20
Thrust fault 112
Tides 193
Tigereye 252
Till, glacial 176
Titanite 36
Tombolo 200
Tomography, seismic 131
Topaz 36
Tourmaline 46, 253
Trachyte 59
Trains, valley 180
Transform plate boundary 18
Transverse dunes 186
Travertine 165, 295
Trellis drainage 155
Tremolite 38
Trenches 15, 170
Triclinic 28
Trioctahedral 42
Trough 193
Tsunami 123
Tufa 82, 287
Tuff 60, 267
Turbidites 169
Turbidity currents 85, 169
Turbulent flow 144
Turquoise 49, 254
Twinned 32
Twinning 45
U
U-shaped valleys 177
Ultramafic rock 57
Unconfined aquifers 161
Unconformity 101
Undersaturated 45
Uniformitarianism 100
Unsaturated zone 159
Uraninite 48, 89
Uranium 89
V
Vadose zone 159
Varnish, desert 184
Varves 180
Ventifacts 183
Vermiculite 40, 255
Vesicles 57
Viscosity 53
Volcanic arc 16
Volcanic breccia 60
Volcanic gas 66
Volcanic neck 64
Volcanoes 65
W
Wacke 80
Wastage zone 174
Water cycle 144
Water table 159
Wave base 194
Wave diffraction (ocean) 195
Wave height 194
Wave period 194
Wave refraction (ocean) 195
Wavelength 193
Waves, ocean 193
Weathering 51, 73
Well cores 131
Wells 131
Willemite 36
Witherite 47
X
Xenoblastic 91
Xenolith 60
Y
Yardangs 183
Z
Zeolites 46
Zircon 36