Biology and Biosciences: The Science of Life Topics
by Owen Borville
Living things and biological systems on Earth give much evidence for a special creation only several thousand years ago and the Global Flood. Mature creation is a common theme of the creation model, along with biogenesis, which means that life only comes from life. (In contrast to abiogenesis, which claims life spontaneously formed from non-life over hypothetical time periods). Other topics in Biosciences include genetics, symbiosis, species versus kinds, the sudden appearance of complex fossils, unique animal abilities, irreducible complexity and more confirm the mature creation and timeline of origin of the Earth.
by Owen Borville
Living things and biological systems on Earth give much evidence for a special creation only several thousand years ago and the Global Flood. Mature creation is a common theme of the creation model, along with biogenesis, which means that life only comes from life. (In contrast to abiogenesis, which claims life spontaneously formed from non-life over hypothetical time periods). Other topics in Biosciences include genetics, symbiosis, species versus kinds, the sudden appearance of complex fossils, unique animal abilities, irreducible complexity and more confirm the mature creation and timeline of origin of the Earth.
Latest 10.2.2025 Biodiversity Conservation 9.29.2025 Ecosystems 9.27.2025 Population Community Ecology 9.23.2025 Ecology Biosphere 8.28.2025 Animal Reproduction Design 8.21.2025 Immune System 8.13.2025 Osmotic Regulation/Excretion 8.9.2025 Circulatory System 8.7.2025 Respiratory System 4.21.2025 Musculoskeletal System 4.12.2025 Xylitol Sweetner 3.29.2025 Endocrine System 2.14.2025 Sensory Systems 2.2.2025 Nervous System 1.15.2025 Animal Digestive System Nutrition 1.2.2025 Animal Body Form Function 12.24.2024 Plant Reproduction 12.13.2024 Soil Plant Nutrition 12.8.2024 Plant Anatomy and Physiology 11.28.2024 Vertebrates 11.19.2024 Invertebrates 11.7.2024 Animal Diversity 11.3.2024 Seed Plants 10.31.2024 Seedless Plants 10.30.2024 Fungi 10.29.2024 Protists 10.17.2024 Prokaryotes 10.7.2024 Viruses 9.25.2023 Phylogenies 9.23.2024 Populations 9.20.2024 Evolution Critique 9.14.2024 Biotechnology 9.10.2024 Gene Expression 9.6.2024 Genes and Proteins 9.3.2024 DNA Structure/Function 8.29.2024 Chromosomes and Inheritance 8.29.2024 Mendel's Experiments 8.26.2024 Meiosis 8.24.2024 Cell Reproduction 8.22.2024 Cell Communication 8.20.2024 Photosynthesis 8.19.2024 Cellular Respiration 8.14.2024 Cell Metabolism 8.13.2024 Plasma Membranes 8.12.2024 Cell Structure Macromolecules Chemistry of Life Biology 8.9.2024 Mediterranean Diet 8.8.2024 Catfish Design Freshwater/Seawater Adaptation Axolotl Design 8.7.2024 Neolecta Fungi Cycad Plant Protozoa Dinoflagellate Coccolithophores Protists 8.6.2024 Ferns Grass Mosses Wildflowers State Trees 8.5.2024 Socotra Trees, Baobab Trees, Jabuticaba Trees, Joshua Trees, Palm Trees, Palmetto Trees, Oak Trees 8.4.2024 Sparrows Sequoia/Redwoods Pines Cedars Magnolias Rainforest 8.3.2024 Tree Crown Shyness Amoeba Design Human DNA Similarity 8.2.2024 Mutations DNA Structure Function 8.1.2024 Peppered Moths Vanilla Orchid Pollination Ginkgo Tree Caribou Adelie Penguin Marsupial Pouch Why Flower Petals Overlap Junk DNA 7.31.2024 Squirrels Diatoms Sterile Mules Irreducible Complexity Blind Fish Jane Goodall Faith Flightless Birds Cell Membranes 7.30.2024 Quantum Biology 7.30.2024 Facetoecta 7.30.2024 Ediacaran Fauna 7.30.2024 Consciousness 7.29.2024 Learning and Cognition 7.29.2024 Laughter 7.29.2024 Unknown Protein Search 7.29.2024 Sexual Reproduction 7.28.2024 Bacteria 7.28.2024 Virus Origin 7.28.2024 Protein Folding 7.28.2024 Tardigrades 7.27.2024 Colored Bird Eggs 7.27.2024 Flocking Animal Collective Behavior 7.26.2024 Animal Migration and Homing 7.26.2024 Longest Animal Migrations 7.25.2024 Sleep, Dream, Yawn 7.25.2024 The Gaia Hypothesis 7.25.2024 Glowing Bioluminescent Mushrooms 7.24.2024 Percy Julian’s Research Helped Synthesize Drugs for Medicine from Natural Plants 6.21.2024 Rosalind Franklin's Work Led to the Structure of DNA 6.19.2024 Charles Henry Turner's Research Discoveries on Insect Behavior 6.17.2024
Abiogenesis versus Biogenesis Life cannot come from non-life despite attempts by evolutionists to prove otherwise. Life on Mars and other places in the universe outside Earth is not found because of the unique and difficult conditions required to allow life to exist. Goldilocks Theory: Earth conditions are just right in the universe for life, only supernatural forces could allow for and create the conditions for life to appear in the universe. Having the right conditions on a planet for life is extremely difficult.
Agricultural Sciences Agronomy, animal science, food science, nutrition, plant science, pathology, soil science, crops, vegetables, grains, fruits-nuts, spices, oils, cotton, wool, silk, livestock, dairy, textiles from animals, plants, and synthetic materials.
Agribusiness and Economics the business of agriculture for the world's food supply
Agricultural Engineering and the technology used to enhance agriculture production and sustainable agriculture for the future
Agronomy and Soil Science including environmental conservation and enhancement of yield in agriculture
Algae one celled, multicellular algae, seaweed
Anatomy/Physiology in Animals: Body Parts/Systems Brain, Eye, Ear, Appendix, Wisdom Teeth, Blood Clotting, Blood System, Immune System, Mammary Gland Origin, Cells: Plant/Animal Cell Parts/Functions, Eyes, Ears, Smell, Taste, Teeth, Skin and Sweat Glands, Hair, Cardiovascular System (Heart), Blood, Blood Clotting, Digestive system, Endocrine System, Hair Origin, Immune Systems, Lymphatic System, Muscular System, Nervous System, Reproductive System, Respiratory System, Skeletal System, Tailbone, Skin Design, Tissues/Membranes, Urinary System, Waste (excretory) systems. Anatomy includes the body parts, organs, movement, function, and movement (walk, swim, slide) of animals and living things.
Animalia: The Animal Kingdom Invertebrate versus Vertebrate Animals
Animal Sciences Poultry birds flying and non-flying (chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, ostrich, emu) Dairy animals include cattle, goats, sheep, buffalo, bison Swine family includes boars, hogs, pigs Horse, camel, deer, and llama family Freshwater and marine animals (fishes, reptiles, amphibians, invertebrates); Other mammals including dogs, cats, rabbits, rodents; Large mammals of the world (bear, elephant, rhino, hippo, giraffe, camels)
Animals Have Unique Abilities/Behaviors/Senses Snake Infrared Radiation Detection: Infrared thermal radiation can be detected by boas, pythons, and pit viper snakes. Special organs or "pit organs" which are essentially holes on their face that contain a membrane that allows them to see radiant heat at wavelengths between 5 and 30 micrometers. Warm bodied animals can be detected up to a meter away by creating a thermal image of a nearby animal that also allows them to see in the dark. Also: Platypus Electroreception; Bat Echolocation; Octopus Polarized Vision; Catfish Sense of Taste; African Bush Elephant Smell; Jewel Beetle Detects Fire; Cavefish Hearing; Bees and the Earth's Magnetic Field; Spider Sensitivity Touch; Mantis Shrimp Vision. Unique abilities, senses, and features of animals and plants defy evolutionist ideas. Unique defense mechanisms, long migration and homing ability, unique sensory mechanisms, animal and plant use of the magnetic field, unique body features cannot evolve, animals would die off before evolving the needed body parts. Complex microscopic animals and irreducible complexity show that these animals are not primitive but very advanced (such as flagella bacteria). Homing: How do animals find home? Navigation: How do animals know where they are going? Birthing: How do animals give birth? Rearing: How do animals know how to raise their young? Hibernation: How do animals hibernate? Hunting: How do animals find food? Learning or Instinct or both? How do animals learn? Symbiotic Relationships: How do they develop? Camouflage: How do animals camouflage their bodies to blend with their surroundings? Defense Mechanisms: How do animals develop defense mechanisms against predators? Senses? Longest Animal Migrations, Animal Migration and Homing, Animal Flocking/Collective Behavior, Freshwater/Seawater Adaptation
Bacteria (Eubacteria) Bacteria are single-celled, prokaryotic organisms. Archaea are distinct from bacteria but are also single celled, prokaryotic organisms.
Biochemistry essentials for life: atoms, isotopes, ions, molecules, water, carbon, macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Biogeography
Bioinformatics
Biological Engineering (Bioengineering)
Biomaterials and Regenerative engineering
Biomechanics
Biomedical Engineering
Biomolecules are molecule produced by a living organism
Biophysics
Biotechnology and genetics used to enhance agricultural products
Botany and Plant Sciences
Birds(flightless/flying)birdsofprey,waterfowl,kiwis,extinctbirds, BirdMigration, Features:Beaks,Feathers,Wings,Feet, Hummingbird, Owl, IncubatorBird, ChickenEgg, Woodpecker, Peacock, Ostrich, Arctic Tern, Pacific Golden Plover, Homing Pigeon, Emperor Penguin, Albatross, Puffin Bird, Hoatzin Bird Colored Bird Eggs Flightless birds, Sparrow, migratory birds, game birds, farm birds (chickens, turkeys, ostrich), shore birds, thrush birds, warblers, eagles, condors, auks, blackbirds, chickadees, crows, jays, doves, ducks, flycatchers, gamebirds, gulls, terns, hawks, falcons, kingfisher, parrots, toucans, conures, owls, hummingbirds, penguins, birds of paradise, finches, IBIS, swallows, woodpeckers, passerines, herons, albatross, cranes, storks, swifts, cuckoos, egrets
Cardiovascular System
Cells are the smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body. The human body has more than 30 trillion cells. Cell parts and functions, cell division/growth, prokaryote versus eukaryote cells, animal cells, plant cells, plasma membrane, metabolism, cellular respiration, photosynthesis, cell communication , cell reproduction, genetics, meiosis, Mendel and heredity, inheritance, DNA structure and function, genes and proteins, gene expression, biotechnology, genomics, genetic variation and diversity of life cell membrane origin
Classification of Life (Linnaeus): Animal Kingdom (Animalia), Plant kingdoms (Plantae), Fungi, Protists (Protista), Bacteria (Archaebacteria and Eubacteria) Microscopic Animals
Computational Biology
Consciousness
Conservation
Dental Science
Diatoms are microalgae found in oceans, waterways, and soils worldwide. Diatoms contribute significantly to Earth’s biomass as they are abundant and essential.
Dinosaurs Dinosaur Footprints and Tracks, Dinosaur Footprints, Soft Tissue in Dinosaur Fossils
Digestive System
DNA Structure/Function(deoxyribonucleic acid) is a fundamental molecule found in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. DNA structure consists of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix. Also RNA. Human DNA Similarity
Dreaming
Ecology/Ecosystems/Environments of Life Coastal-Islands: fish, birds, wetlands, estuaries, bays, shallow marine environment, mangrove swamps, reefs, migratory birds, fish, sea turtles Marine: saline waters, fish, sharks, whales, dolphins, sea turtles, sea otter, seals, sea lions, invertebrates, reptiles, coral reefs, ocean life: plankton (floaters), nekton (swimmers), benthos (live on ocean floor) Wetlands: saturated with water, marshes, swamps, bogs, aquatic plants, protect shoreline, fish, reptiles, birds Deserts: extremely dry, little precipitation, mostly hot climate, some cold deserts, little vegetation, reptiles, insects Salt flats: flat expanses of land covered by salt and other mineral deposits in deserts where a lake has dried up Mountains: harsh climate varies, brown bear, goats, lions, smaller mammals, birds, insects, rocky terrain, steep slopes, with less vegetation, grasses, shrubs, freshwater lakes Glacial: birds, polar bears, a few small animals and insects Rivers-Streams: fish, reptiles, small mammals Lakes: fish, amphibians, reptiles, reptiles, birds Rain Forest: birds, reptiles, amphibians, insects, plants, trees Savannah Africa: deer, zebra, giraffe, elephant, lion, grassland, warm yearlong, summer rain Temperate: moderate rainfall, warm summers, cold winters, birds, rodents, small mammals, bison, elk, insects, reptiles Tundra: extreme cold, little precipitation, low biodiversity, Bear, deer, birds Polar Ice Sheets: polar bears, penguins, birds, seals, fish Phenology Phenomenon and the Ecosystem Ecosystem population growth exponential growth, size, density, logistic growth, limiting factor, carrying capacity of the ecosystem, flow and energy and matter, trophic pyramid changes, producer, consumer, decomposer, food web, trophic level, eco-pyramid, energy matter conservation in ecosystem, food web, carbon cycle, CO2, ecological succession, community, species richness, species diversity, ecosystem disturbance, ecosystem resilience, human impact on ecosystem; ecosystems, climate change and biodiversity, greenhouse gasses, fossil fuels, endangered species, conservation of biodiversity,
Ediacaran Fauna or Ediacara Biota and unique pre-Cambrian, pre-Flood life forms.
Endocrine System
Entomology including the study of insects that harm and help plants and animals
Enzymes are proteins that speeds up chemical reactions in the body
Evolution Flaws and Evidence for Design Many living things have characteristics of design and defy the principles of standard evolutionist doctrine. Many ancient fossils claimed to be millions of years old have living counterparts or "living fossils" that have not changed much at all.
Evolution and Animals That Defy Evolution Missing transitional fossils in the fossil record from single cell to multicellular, invertebrate to vertebrate, fish to amphibian, amphibian to reptile, reptile to mammal, dinosaurs to birds, primate to human, the sudden appearance of new kinds of animals in fossil record, the Cambrian Explosion of Life, Permian and K-T Extinction, are all major problems for evolutionist thinking. In addition, living fossils show lack of evolution over claimed long ages and give evidence for mature creation. Claimed evidences of evolution, homogeny, fossil record, DNA similarity across species, antibiotic resistance observation, natural selection, phylogenetic trees, common ancestry, genetic mutations, population increase, genetic variation, competition, adaptability, group behavior, natural selection and adaptation, environmental change, extinction, biodiversity of genetic, species
Facetotecta crustacean mystery (a cryptic taxa)
Feedback in living systems, also known as feedback mechanisms or feedback loops, are biological processes that regulate and maintain homeostasis.
Fish (Freshwater): Bass, Cod; Freshwater Fisheries
Food Science and Nutrition develops new beneficial food products for humans and animals
Forestry and forest science including environmental conservation of wildlife and plants
Fossils in the wrong place in the geologic column give strong evidence against long ages and strong evidence for a recent creation and global Flood, such as fossilized pollen grains found with dinosaur fossils that supposedly evolved much earlier. (Nature 210 (5033):292-294, 16 Apr 1966. Roraima Formation Venezuela occurrence of pollen and spores.)
Fungi=this biological kingdom includes a variety of spore producing eukaryotic organisms: yeasts, molds, mushrooms, toadstools feed on organic matter. Fungi have some characteristics of both plants and animals. Glowing bioluminescent mushrooms Neolecta Fungi
Gaia Hypothesis proposes that Earth is designed to be a self-regulating, tightly coupled, complex system involving the biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and pedosphere that works together as one unit or one organism.
Genes are the basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child. Genes are made up of sequences of DNA and are arranged, one after another, at specific locations on chromosomes in the nucleus of cells. They contain information for making specific proteins that lead to the expression of a particular physical characteristic or trait, such as hair color or eye color, or to a particular function in a cell.
Genetics and Developmental Biology/DNA gene expression, DNS, chromosome, RNA, gamete, sperm, egg cell, meiosis, genes, traits, environment, Mendelian inheritance, Punnett squares, Mendel's law of segregation, dihybrid cross, law of indifferent assortment, Junk DNA (Non-coding)
Health Sciences
Homeostasis (or same state)is the state of steady internal physical and chemical conditions and functions maintained by living systems. It is the tendency toward equilibrium between parts of a biological system when interfered with external or internal environmental changes. The body or living system adjusts to changes in internal or external environment. Without homeostasis, nothing would live.
Immunology
Insects and Worms Arthropod Head Butterfly Fruit Fly Firefly Bee Ant Dragonfly, Wasp , Fig Wasp Symbiosis, BombardierBeetle, TrilobiteEye, Velvet Worm, GiantWeta, Glowworms, Earthworm, Praying Mantis, Ladybug, Spider Web, Termites, Cockroach, Cicada, Leaf Insects beetles, locusts, fleas, gnats, mosquitos, moths, spiders, black widow spiders, mantises, grasshoppers, crickets, scorpions
Invertebrates: Worms (segmented, round, flat), Arthropods: (Insects, Centipedes, Millipedes, Crabs, Lobsters, Shrimp, Spiders, Scorpions, Barnacles) , Sponges, Echinoderms (starfish, sea urchin), Coral, Jellyfish, Anemone, Molluscs (snails, slug, clams, oyster, octopus, squid) Nematodes and Tardigrades
Irreducible Complexity is an argument made by proponents of intelligent design (ID) that certain biological systems are too complex to have evolved from simpler predecessors and are simultaneously too intricate to have arisen naturally through chance mutations. It is a system composed of several interacting parts, where removing any one part would cause the entire system to cease functioning.
Kinesiology
Laughter is a physiological response to humor and it consists of two parts: a set of gestures and the production of a sound.
Learning and Cognition Cognition is the mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension. Learning, on the other hand, is a specific aspect of cognition.
Lymphatic System returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood, absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive system and the subsequent transport of these substances to the venous circulation, and defense against invading microorganisms and disease.
Mammals (land/marine) Classification of Mammals, Vertebrates (Chordata), Canine family dogs, hyena, fox, wolf, coyote, Cats Felidae: lion, tiger, cheetah spots, leopard spots, jaguars, bobcats, mountain lions Beaver otters, Antlers, Bighorn Sheep, Horse, pony, donkey, Mules, zebra, Llama, Elephant (African/Asian) wooly mammoths, tusks, Porcupine, Hedgehog, Armadillo, Sloth, Bats, Tapir, Primate family (apes, gorilla, monkey, chimpanzee, orangutan), Lemurs, Slow Loris, Aye-Aye Lemur, Gibbons, Baboons, Squirrels, Flying Squirrels, rodent family Polar Bear, Bears, brown bear, black bear, grizzly bear, pandas, Hippopotamus, Rhinoceros, Zebra Stripes, Kangaroo Design, wallaby placental mammals, monotremes (egg-laying) Pangolin, Echidna, Platypus, Giraffe, Cattle family bison, buffalo, dairy products; goats; Deer family (antelope, moose, llama, camel); Pig family (hogs, boars); Mongoose family, rodent family, rabbit family, hares, Placentals (placenta): Aardvarks, anteaters, bats, rabbits, rodents, even-toed hooved animals (deer, antelope, camels, hippos), odd-toed hooved mammals (horses, zebras, rhinos, tapirs), Marine mammals (whales, porpoises-dolphins, seals-sea lions, manatees-dugongs, Marsupial mammals (pouch)(kangaroos, wallabees, koalas, opossums, wombats, and Tasmanian devils.
Marine Biology Marine Life (bony/cartilaginous/jawless), Jawless fish (lampreys, hagfish), Marine vertebrates
Fish Classification, Dolphin, Whale, Seal, Shark, Hammerhead Shark, Stingray, Sand Dollar, Sea Urchin, Sea Cucumber ,
Seahorse, Octopus, Squid, Cuttlefish, Barreleye Fish, Stonefish, Starfish, Jellyfish, Salmon, Placozoa, Plankton Paradox, Nudibranch, Archerfish, Lampsilis Mussel and Bass, Manatee, Coelacanth, Decoy Fish, Mantis Shrimp, Lobster Eyes, Sunfish, Pufferfish, Narwhal Whale, Beluga Whale, Hammerhead Shark, Jellyfish Design, Scallop Eyes, Snail Design, Portuguese Man of War, Sea Anemone, Nautilus, Eel, Electric, Hagfish, Blind Fish, Shrimp curve, lobster, crab, sponge animal, tuna, horseshoe crab, catfish (electric)
Medicine: Traditional, Modern, and Herbal Anatomy, Physiology, Pharmacology, Neuroscience of the Brain, Epidemiology, Biostatistics, Internal Medicine, Psychiatry, Obstetrics, Gynecology, Pediatrics, Microbiology, Clinical Medicine, Surgery, Geriatrics, Preventative Medicine, Family Medicine, Anesthesiology , Dermatology, Emergency Medicine , Ophthalmology, Radiology, Urology, Medical Technology, Medical Devices and Instruments, Imaging techniques at cellular and atomic scales, Health, Nutrition
Mediterranean Diet
Membranes
Microbiology Archaea, Flagellum, Cell, Cilia and Flagellum, Placozoa, Plankton, Antibiotic Resistance , Amoeba Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, Dinoflagellates, Coccolithopores
Molecular Biology
Muscular System
Mutations refer to changes that occur in the DNA sequence of an organism.
Nervous System
Neuroscience
Nursing
Nutrition
Pathology (diseases of humans/animals) Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Stroke, Infectious disease, Cancer
Pathology (diseases of plants)
Pharmacy
Photosynthesis is a biological process by which most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy and use for their daily activities.
Physical Therapy
Plant Kingdom Seedless plants, Seeded plants Non-flowering plants=mosses-no roots, ferns-roots, gymnosperms (naked seeds), Plants (Nonvascular)=are found in moist environments and don't need vessels or roots or vascular tissue to transport food and water throughout its body (Mosses, Liverworts)
Plants (Vascular)=have vessels that carry food and water throughout the plant (spores vs seeds) Gymnosperms= are any non-flowering vascular plant that reproduces with an exposed seed, or ovule, in cones, as illustrated in a diagram with all the parts. Gymnosperm Characteristics: All gymnosperms have cones, either male or female. Found in colder regions. Needle-like leaves. Woody trees or bushes. Pollinated by wind. Ferns=flowerless vascular plants with leaves and reproduces by releasing spores Mosses=are non-vascular plants, small, non-woody and absorb water and food through their leaves and use photosynthesis for energy Cycad Plant
Plants (Flowering) Angiosperms=(covered seed) are any vascular plant that produces flowers and whose seeds are enclosed by mature ovaries or fruits. An angiosperm diagram can label the parts of the plant clearly. Monocots (bulbing)= have one seed leaf and Dicots= have two seed leaves.; botany, plant anatomy and physiology, horticulture of plants, plant pathology (diseases of plants) Venus Fly Trap, Bristlecone Pine Tree, First Plants on Earth, Plants Regrew After Flood, Acacia Tree and Ant Symbiosis, Tree Crown Shyness Behavior, Sequoia/Redwood Trees, Pine Trees, Cedar Trees, Magnolia Trees/Flowers, Rainforest, Socotra Trees, Baobab Trees, Jabuticaba Trees, Joshua Trees, Palm Trees, Palmetto Trees, Oak Trees, Grass, Wildflowers, State Trees orchids, sunflowers, Fruits/Vegetables: coffee, tea, chocolate (antioxidants), figs (pollinators), berries, grains, rice, potatoes, sweet potatoes, apples, bananas, oranges, pears, melons, kiwis, mangos, cherries, grape vines, greens, carrots, celery, peppers, pumpkins, legumes, beans, soybeans, peas, lentils. Nuts: almonds, walnuts, cashews, peanuts, brazil nuts (agouti rodent eats and buries these nuts, helping them grow); pistachios, eggplant, squash, okra, corn. Spices: cinnamon, salt, turmeric, chili powder, garlic, pepper, mint, herbs. Oils: vegetable oil, canola oil, coconut oil, olive oil
Proteins are molecules made up of amino acids. Proteins are needed for the body to function properly and are the basis of body structures, such as skin and hair, and of other substances such as enzymes, cytokines, and antibodies. Protein folding Unknown Protein Search
Protists=biological kingdom including mostly single-celled organisms such as protozoa, algae, fungi, molds, and bacteria having plant, animal and fungus characteristics
Protozoa=Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotes that exhibit a wide range of behaviors and design adaptations.
Quantum Biology quantum mechanics and biological systems. Photosynthesis, bird navigation with magnetic field, and bacteria energy.
Reproductive System
Reptiles and Amphibians Classification of Reptiles , Amphibian Classification, Reptile to Bird Evolution Flaws, Reptile Versus Mammal Differences, Four-Legged Land Animals, Snake, Turtle, Tortoise, Gecko, Chuckwalla Lizard, Chameleon, Crocodile, Komodo Dragon Amphibians: Frogs, Toads, Salamanders, Newts, Axolotl ; Reptiles include the crocodiles, alligators, turtles (land and marine), snakes (no legs), lizards (four-legs, tail), tuataras (four-legs, tail), Extinct: dinosaurs, flying reptiles Amphibians: frogs/toads, salamanders, caecilians (limbless)
Respiration is the sequence of events that results in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the body cells.
Respiratory System The body cells need a continuous supply of oxygen for the metabolic processes that are necessary to maintain life.
RNA (see DNA)
Sexual Reproduction is the process that plays a crucial role in the life cycles of many organisms by creating future diverse populations of living things.
Skeletal System
Sleep/Dream/Yawn Sleep is a normal body process that allows the body and brain to rest. Although appearing simple, the process of sleep is one of the most complex and mysterious body processes known to science, in addition to dreaming and yawning.
Surgery
Symbiosis is the phenomena where certain animal species depend on other living species for their existence.
Tardigrades (water bears or moss piglets) are microscopic eight-legged segmented animals found in a variety of moist and aquatic environments including extreme conditions.
Thermodynamics in Biology Energy transactions associated with biological systems 1st Law of Thermodynamics: Total energy in a system or universe is constant, but can change form. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics: The Natural tendency of disorder (entropy); process of transfer or conversion of heat energy is irreversible 3rd Law of Thermodynamics: At Absolute Zero temperature, atoms stop moving Gibbs Free Energy (G)=combines entropy and enthalpy into a single value=Change in Gibbs Free Energy(G)=Change in Enthalpy minus Temperature x Change in Entropy Entropy=Measure of disorder=system energy that is unavailable to do work. Energy=ATP=Adenosine Triphosphate=an organic compound and hydrotrope that provides energy to drive many processes in living cells, a molecule that carries energy within cells Photosynthesis is the process where green plants use sunlight to create food or sugar from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants uses chlorophyll and creates oxygen. The Calvin Cycle is the process where plants and algae turn carbon dioxide into sugar as a necessary nutrient for growth. The Calvin Cycle is essential for all living systems. The Calvin Cycle is not dependent on light from the sun and is therefore the light-independent portion of photosynthesis. Respiration (cell respiration) is the process of breathing, or inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide and the process by which cells use oxygen to break down sugar and obtain energy. Respiration is a chemical reaction that happens in all plant and animal cells. Energy is released to allow other chemical processes to occur to sustain life.
Tissues are made up of similar cells that perform similar functions, such as muscle tissues that cause contraction and movement.
Urinary System
Virus Virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside living cells of an organism. These tiny entities infect all life forms, including animals, plants, and microorganisms like bacteria.
Veterinary Medicine
Wildlife
Zoology (see Animals)
Agricultural Sciences Agronomy, animal science, food science, nutrition, plant science, pathology, soil science, crops, vegetables, grains, fruits-nuts, spices, oils, cotton, wool, silk, livestock, dairy, textiles from animals, plants, and synthetic materials.
Agribusiness and Economics the business of agriculture for the world's food supply
Agricultural Engineering and the technology used to enhance agriculture production and sustainable agriculture for the future
Agronomy and Soil Science including environmental conservation and enhancement of yield in agriculture
Algae one celled, multicellular algae, seaweed
Anatomy/Physiology in Animals: Body Parts/Systems Brain, Eye, Ear, Appendix, Wisdom Teeth, Blood Clotting, Blood System, Immune System, Mammary Gland Origin, Cells: Plant/Animal Cell Parts/Functions, Eyes, Ears, Smell, Taste, Teeth, Skin and Sweat Glands, Hair, Cardiovascular System (Heart), Blood, Blood Clotting, Digestive system, Endocrine System, Hair Origin, Immune Systems, Lymphatic System, Muscular System, Nervous System, Reproductive System, Respiratory System, Skeletal System, Tailbone, Skin Design, Tissues/Membranes, Urinary System, Waste (excretory) systems. Anatomy includes the body parts, organs, movement, function, and movement (walk, swim, slide) of animals and living things.
Animalia: The Animal Kingdom Invertebrate versus Vertebrate Animals
Animal Sciences Poultry birds flying and non-flying (chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, ostrich, emu) Dairy animals include cattle, goats, sheep, buffalo, bison Swine family includes boars, hogs, pigs Horse, camel, deer, and llama family Freshwater and marine animals (fishes, reptiles, amphibians, invertebrates); Other mammals including dogs, cats, rabbits, rodents; Large mammals of the world (bear, elephant, rhino, hippo, giraffe, camels)
Animals Have Unique Abilities/Behaviors/Senses Snake Infrared Radiation Detection: Infrared thermal radiation can be detected by boas, pythons, and pit viper snakes. Special organs or "pit organs" which are essentially holes on their face that contain a membrane that allows them to see radiant heat at wavelengths between 5 and 30 micrometers. Warm bodied animals can be detected up to a meter away by creating a thermal image of a nearby animal that also allows them to see in the dark. Also: Platypus Electroreception; Bat Echolocation; Octopus Polarized Vision; Catfish Sense of Taste; African Bush Elephant Smell; Jewel Beetle Detects Fire; Cavefish Hearing; Bees and the Earth's Magnetic Field; Spider Sensitivity Touch; Mantis Shrimp Vision. Unique abilities, senses, and features of animals and plants defy evolutionist ideas. Unique defense mechanisms, long migration and homing ability, unique sensory mechanisms, animal and plant use of the magnetic field, unique body features cannot evolve, animals would die off before evolving the needed body parts. Complex microscopic animals and irreducible complexity show that these animals are not primitive but very advanced (such as flagella bacteria). Homing: How do animals find home? Navigation: How do animals know where they are going? Birthing: How do animals give birth? Rearing: How do animals know how to raise their young? Hibernation: How do animals hibernate? Hunting: How do animals find food? Learning or Instinct or both? How do animals learn? Symbiotic Relationships: How do they develop? Camouflage: How do animals camouflage their bodies to blend with their surroundings? Defense Mechanisms: How do animals develop defense mechanisms against predators? Senses? Longest Animal Migrations, Animal Migration and Homing, Animal Flocking/Collective Behavior, Freshwater/Seawater Adaptation
Bacteria (Eubacteria) Bacteria are single-celled, prokaryotic organisms. Archaea are distinct from bacteria but are also single celled, prokaryotic organisms.
Biochemistry essentials for life: atoms, isotopes, ions, molecules, water, carbon, macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Biogeography
Bioinformatics
Biological Engineering (Bioengineering)
Biomaterials and Regenerative engineering
Biomechanics
Biomedical Engineering
Biomolecules are molecule produced by a living organism
Biophysics
Biotechnology and genetics used to enhance agricultural products
Botany and Plant Sciences
Birds(flightless/flying)birdsofprey,waterfowl,kiwis,extinctbirds, BirdMigration, Features:Beaks,Feathers,Wings,Feet, Hummingbird, Owl, IncubatorBird, ChickenEgg, Woodpecker, Peacock, Ostrich, Arctic Tern, Pacific Golden Plover, Homing Pigeon, Emperor Penguin, Albatross, Puffin Bird, Hoatzin Bird Colored Bird Eggs Flightless birds, Sparrow, migratory birds, game birds, farm birds (chickens, turkeys, ostrich), shore birds, thrush birds, warblers, eagles, condors, auks, blackbirds, chickadees, crows, jays, doves, ducks, flycatchers, gamebirds, gulls, terns, hawks, falcons, kingfisher, parrots, toucans, conures, owls, hummingbirds, penguins, birds of paradise, finches, IBIS, swallows, woodpeckers, passerines, herons, albatross, cranes, storks, swifts, cuckoos, egrets
Cardiovascular System
Cells are the smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body. The human body has more than 30 trillion cells. Cell parts and functions, cell division/growth, prokaryote versus eukaryote cells, animal cells, plant cells, plasma membrane, metabolism, cellular respiration, photosynthesis, cell communication , cell reproduction, genetics, meiosis, Mendel and heredity, inheritance, DNA structure and function, genes and proteins, gene expression, biotechnology, genomics, genetic variation and diversity of life cell membrane origin
Classification of Life (Linnaeus): Animal Kingdom (Animalia), Plant kingdoms (Plantae), Fungi, Protists (Protista), Bacteria (Archaebacteria and Eubacteria) Microscopic Animals
Computational Biology
Consciousness
Conservation
Dental Science
Diatoms are microalgae found in oceans, waterways, and soils worldwide. Diatoms contribute significantly to Earth’s biomass as they are abundant and essential.
Dinosaurs Dinosaur Footprints and Tracks, Dinosaur Footprints, Soft Tissue in Dinosaur Fossils
Digestive System
DNA Structure/Function(deoxyribonucleic acid) is a fundamental molecule found in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. DNA structure consists of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix. Also RNA. Human DNA Similarity
Dreaming
Ecology/Ecosystems/Environments of Life Coastal-Islands: fish, birds, wetlands, estuaries, bays, shallow marine environment, mangrove swamps, reefs, migratory birds, fish, sea turtles Marine: saline waters, fish, sharks, whales, dolphins, sea turtles, sea otter, seals, sea lions, invertebrates, reptiles, coral reefs, ocean life: plankton (floaters), nekton (swimmers), benthos (live on ocean floor) Wetlands: saturated with water, marshes, swamps, bogs, aquatic plants, protect shoreline, fish, reptiles, birds Deserts: extremely dry, little precipitation, mostly hot climate, some cold deserts, little vegetation, reptiles, insects Salt flats: flat expanses of land covered by salt and other mineral deposits in deserts where a lake has dried up Mountains: harsh climate varies, brown bear, goats, lions, smaller mammals, birds, insects, rocky terrain, steep slopes, with less vegetation, grasses, shrubs, freshwater lakes Glacial: birds, polar bears, a few small animals and insects Rivers-Streams: fish, reptiles, small mammals Lakes: fish, amphibians, reptiles, reptiles, birds Rain Forest: birds, reptiles, amphibians, insects, plants, trees Savannah Africa: deer, zebra, giraffe, elephant, lion, grassland, warm yearlong, summer rain Temperate: moderate rainfall, warm summers, cold winters, birds, rodents, small mammals, bison, elk, insects, reptiles Tundra: extreme cold, little precipitation, low biodiversity, Bear, deer, birds Polar Ice Sheets: polar bears, penguins, birds, seals, fish Phenology Phenomenon and the Ecosystem Ecosystem population growth exponential growth, size, density, logistic growth, limiting factor, carrying capacity of the ecosystem, flow and energy and matter, trophic pyramid changes, producer, consumer, decomposer, food web, trophic level, eco-pyramid, energy matter conservation in ecosystem, food web, carbon cycle, CO2, ecological succession, community, species richness, species diversity, ecosystem disturbance, ecosystem resilience, human impact on ecosystem; ecosystems, climate change and biodiversity, greenhouse gasses, fossil fuels, endangered species, conservation of biodiversity,
Ediacaran Fauna or Ediacara Biota and unique pre-Cambrian, pre-Flood life forms.
Endocrine System
Entomology including the study of insects that harm and help plants and animals
Enzymes are proteins that speeds up chemical reactions in the body
Evolution Flaws and Evidence for Design Many living things have characteristics of design and defy the principles of standard evolutionist doctrine. Many ancient fossils claimed to be millions of years old have living counterparts or "living fossils" that have not changed much at all.
Evolution and Animals That Defy Evolution Missing transitional fossils in the fossil record from single cell to multicellular, invertebrate to vertebrate, fish to amphibian, amphibian to reptile, reptile to mammal, dinosaurs to birds, primate to human, the sudden appearance of new kinds of animals in fossil record, the Cambrian Explosion of Life, Permian and K-T Extinction, are all major problems for evolutionist thinking. In addition, living fossils show lack of evolution over claimed long ages and give evidence for mature creation. Claimed evidences of evolution, homogeny, fossil record, DNA similarity across species, antibiotic resistance observation, natural selection, phylogenetic trees, common ancestry, genetic mutations, population increase, genetic variation, competition, adaptability, group behavior, natural selection and adaptation, environmental change, extinction, biodiversity of genetic, species
Facetotecta crustacean mystery (a cryptic taxa)
Feedback in living systems, also known as feedback mechanisms or feedback loops, are biological processes that regulate and maintain homeostasis.
Fish (Freshwater): Bass, Cod; Freshwater Fisheries
Food Science and Nutrition develops new beneficial food products for humans and animals
Forestry and forest science including environmental conservation of wildlife and plants
Fossils in the wrong place in the geologic column give strong evidence against long ages and strong evidence for a recent creation and global Flood, such as fossilized pollen grains found with dinosaur fossils that supposedly evolved much earlier. (Nature 210 (5033):292-294, 16 Apr 1966. Roraima Formation Venezuela occurrence of pollen and spores.)
Fungi=this biological kingdom includes a variety of spore producing eukaryotic organisms: yeasts, molds, mushrooms, toadstools feed on organic matter. Fungi have some characteristics of both plants and animals. Glowing bioluminescent mushrooms Neolecta Fungi
Gaia Hypothesis proposes that Earth is designed to be a self-regulating, tightly coupled, complex system involving the biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and pedosphere that works together as one unit or one organism.
Genes are the basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child. Genes are made up of sequences of DNA and are arranged, one after another, at specific locations on chromosomes in the nucleus of cells. They contain information for making specific proteins that lead to the expression of a particular physical characteristic or trait, such as hair color or eye color, or to a particular function in a cell.
Genetics and Developmental Biology/DNA gene expression, DNS, chromosome, RNA, gamete, sperm, egg cell, meiosis, genes, traits, environment, Mendelian inheritance, Punnett squares, Mendel's law of segregation, dihybrid cross, law of indifferent assortment, Junk DNA (Non-coding)
Health Sciences
Homeostasis (or same state)is the state of steady internal physical and chemical conditions and functions maintained by living systems. It is the tendency toward equilibrium between parts of a biological system when interfered with external or internal environmental changes. The body or living system adjusts to changes in internal or external environment. Without homeostasis, nothing would live.
Immunology
Insects and Worms Arthropod Head Butterfly Fruit Fly Firefly Bee Ant Dragonfly, Wasp , Fig Wasp Symbiosis, BombardierBeetle, TrilobiteEye, Velvet Worm, GiantWeta, Glowworms, Earthworm, Praying Mantis, Ladybug, Spider Web, Termites, Cockroach, Cicada, Leaf Insects beetles, locusts, fleas, gnats, mosquitos, moths, spiders, black widow spiders, mantises, grasshoppers, crickets, scorpions
Invertebrates: Worms (segmented, round, flat), Arthropods: (Insects, Centipedes, Millipedes, Crabs, Lobsters, Shrimp, Spiders, Scorpions, Barnacles) , Sponges, Echinoderms (starfish, sea urchin), Coral, Jellyfish, Anemone, Molluscs (snails, slug, clams, oyster, octopus, squid) Nematodes and Tardigrades
Irreducible Complexity is an argument made by proponents of intelligent design (ID) that certain biological systems are too complex to have evolved from simpler predecessors and are simultaneously too intricate to have arisen naturally through chance mutations. It is a system composed of several interacting parts, where removing any one part would cause the entire system to cease functioning.
Kinesiology
Laughter is a physiological response to humor and it consists of two parts: a set of gestures and the production of a sound.
Learning and Cognition Cognition is the mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension. Learning, on the other hand, is a specific aspect of cognition.
Lymphatic System returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood, absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive system and the subsequent transport of these substances to the venous circulation, and defense against invading microorganisms and disease.
Mammals (land/marine) Classification of Mammals, Vertebrates (Chordata), Canine family dogs, hyena, fox, wolf, coyote, Cats Felidae: lion, tiger, cheetah spots, leopard spots, jaguars, bobcats, mountain lions Beaver otters, Antlers, Bighorn Sheep, Horse, pony, donkey, Mules, zebra, Llama, Elephant (African/Asian) wooly mammoths, tusks, Porcupine, Hedgehog, Armadillo, Sloth, Bats, Tapir, Primate family (apes, gorilla, monkey, chimpanzee, orangutan), Lemurs, Slow Loris, Aye-Aye Lemur, Gibbons, Baboons, Squirrels, Flying Squirrels, rodent family Polar Bear, Bears, brown bear, black bear, grizzly bear, pandas, Hippopotamus, Rhinoceros, Zebra Stripes, Kangaroo Design, wallaby placental mammals, monotremes (egg-laying) Pangolin, Echidna, Platypus, Giraffe, Cattle family bison, buffalo, dairy products; goats; Deer family (antelope, moose, llama, camel); Pig family (hogs, boars); Mongoose family, rodent family, rabbit family, hares, Placentals (placenta): Aardvarks, anteaters, bats, rabbits, rodents, even-toed hooved animals (deer, antelope, camels, hippos), odd-toed hooved mammals (horses, zebras, rhinos, tapirs), Marine mammals (whales, porpoises-dolphins, seals-sea lions, manatees-dugongs, Marsupial mammals (pouch)(kangaroos, wallabees, koalas, opossums, wombats, and Tasmanian devils.
Marine Biology Marine Life (bony/cartilaginous/jawless), Jawless fish (lampreys, hagfish), Marine vertebrates
Fish Classification, Dolphin, Whale, Seal, Shark, Hammerhead Shark, Stingray, Sand Dollar, Sea Urchin, Sea Cucumber ,
Seahorse, Octopus, Squid, Cuttlefish, Barreleye Fish, Stonefish, Starfish, Jellyfish, Salmon, Placozoa, Plankton Paradox, Nudibranch, Archerfish, Lampsilis Mussel and Bass, Manatee, Coelacanth, Decoy Fish, Mantis Shrimp, Lobster Eyes, Sunfish, Pufferfish, Narwhal Whale, Beluga Whale, Hammerhead Shark, Jellyfish Design, Scallop Eyes, Snail Design, Portuguese Man of War, Sea Anemone, Nautilus, Eel, Electric, Hagfish, Blind Fish, Shrimp curve, lobster, crab, sponge animal, tuna, horseshoe crab, catfish (electric)
Medicine: Traditional, Modern, and Herbal Anatomy, Physiology, Pharmacology, Neuroscience of the Brain, Epidemiology, Biostatistics, Internal Medicine, Psychiatry, Obstetrics, Gynecology, Pediatrics, Microbiology, Clinical Medicine, Surgery, Geriatrics, Preventative Medicine, Family Medicine, Anesthesiology , Dermatology, Emergency Medicine , Ophthalmology, Radiology, Urology, Medical Technology, Medical Devices and Instruments, Imaging techniques at cellular and atomic scales, Health, Nutrition
Mediterranean Diet
Membranes
Microbiology Archaea, Flagellum, Cell, Cilia and Flagellum, Placozoa, Plankton, Antibiotic Resistance , Amoeba Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, Dinoflagellates, Coccolithopores
Molecular Biology
Muscular System
Mutations refer to changes that occur in the DNA sequence of an organism.
Nervous System
Neuroscience
Nursing
Nutrition
Pathology (diseases of humans/animals) Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Stroke, Infectious disease, Cancer
Pathology (diseases of plants)
Pharmacy
Photosynthesis is a biological process by which most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy and use for their daily activities.
Physical Therapy
Plant Kingdom Seedless plants, Seeded plants Non-flowering plants=mosses-no roots, ferns-roots, gymnosperms (naked seeds), Plants (Nonvascular)=are found in moist environments and don't need vessels or roots or vascular tissue to transport food and water throughout its body (Mosses, Liverworts)
Plants (Vascular)=have vessels that carry food and water throughout the plant (spores vs seeds) Gymnosperms= are any non-flowering vascular plant that reproduces with an exposed seed, or ovule, in cones, as illustrated in a diagram with all the parts. Gymnosperm Characteristics: All gymnosperms have cones, either male or female. Found in colder regions. Needle-like leaves. Woody trees or bushes. Pollinated by wind. Ferns=flowerless vascular plants with leaves and reproduces by releasing spores Mosses=are non-vascular plants, small, non-woody and absorb water and food through their leaves and use photosynthesis for energy Cycad Plant
Plants (Flowering) Angiosperms=(covered seed) are any vascular plant that produces flowers and whose seeds are enclosed by mature ovaries or fruits. An angiosperm diagram can label the parts of the plant clearly. Monocots (bulbing)= have one seed leaf and Dicots= have two seed leaves.; botany, plant anatomy and physiology, horticulture of plants, plant pathology (diseases of plants) Venus Fly Trap, Bristlecone Pine Tree, First Plants on Earth, Plants Regrew After Flood, Acacia Tree and Ant Symbiosis, Tree Crown Shyness Behavior, Sequoia/Redwood Trees, Pine Trees, Cedar Trees, Magnolia Trees/Flowers, Rainforest, Socotra Trees, Baobab Trees, Jabuticaba Trees, Joshua Trees, Palm Trees, Palmetto Trees, Oak Trees, Grass, Wildflowers, State Trees orchids, sunflowers, Fruits/Vegetables: coffee, tea, chocolate (antioxidants), figs (pollinators), berries, grains, rice, potatoes, sweet potatoes, apples, bananas, oranges, pears, melons, kiwis, mangos, cherries, grape vines, greens, carrots, celery, peppers, pumpkins, legumes, beans, soybeans, peas, lentils. Nuts: almonds, walnuts, cashews, peanuts, brazil nuts (agouti rodent eats and buries these nuts, helping them grow); pistachios, eggplant, squash, okra, corn. Spices: cinnamon, salt, turmeric, chili powder, garlic, pepper, mint, herbs. Oils: vegetable oil, canola oil, coconut oil, olive oil
Proteins are molecules made up of amino acids. Proteins are needed for the body to function properly and are the basis of body structures, such as skin and hair, and of other substances such as enzymes, cytokines, and antibodies. Protein folding Unknown Protein Search
Protists=biological kingdom including mostly single-celled organisms such as protozoa, algae, fungi, molds, and bacteria having plant, animal and fungus characteristics
Protozoa=Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotes that exhibit a wide range of behaviors and design adaptations.
Quantum Biology quantum mechanics and biological systems. Photosynthesis, bird navigation with magnetic field, and bacteria energy.
Reproductive System
Reptiles and Amphibians Classification of Reptiles , Amphibian Classification, Reptile to Bird Evolution Flaws, Reptile Versus Mammal Differences, Four-Legged Land Animals, Snake, Turtle, Tortoise, Gecko, Chuckwalla Lizard, Chameleon, Crocodile, Komodo Dragon Amphibians: Frogs, Toads, Salamanders, Newts, Axolotl ; Reptiles include the crocodiles, alligators, turtles (land and marine), snakes (no legs), lizards (four-legs, tail), tuataras (four-legs, tail), Extinct: dinosaurs, flying reptiles Amphibians: frogs/toads, salamanders, caecilians (limbless)
Respiration is the sequence of events that results in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the body cells.
Respiratory System The body cells need a continuous supply of oxygen for the metabolic processes that are necessary to maintain life.
RNA (see DNA)
Sexual Reproduction is the process that plays a crucial role in the life cycles of many organisms by creating future diverse populations of living things.
Skeletal System
Sleep/Dream/Yawn Sleep is a normal body process that allows the body and brain to rest. Although appearing simple, the process of sleep is one of the most complex and mysterious body processes known to science, in addition to dreaming and yawning.
Surgery
Symbiosis is the phenomena where certain animal species depend on other living species for their existence.
Tardigrades (water bears or moss piglets) are microscopic eight-legged segmented animals found in a variety of moist and aquatic environments including extreme conditions.
Thermodynamics in Biology Energy transactions associated with biological systems 1st Law of Thermodynamics: Total energy in a system or universe is constant, but can change form. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics: The Natural tendency of disorder (entropy); process of transfer or conversion of heat energy is irreversible 3rd Law of Thermodynamics: At Absolute Zero temperature, atoms stop moving Gibbs Free Energy (G)=combines entropy and enthalpy into a single value=Change in Gibbs Free Energy(G)=Change in Enthalpy minus Temperature x Change in Entropy Entropy=Measure of disorder=system energy that is unavailable to do work. Energy=ATP=Adenosine Triphosphate=an organic compound and hydrotrope that provides energy to drive many processes in living cells, a molecule that carries energy within cells Photosynthesis is the process where green plants use sunlight to create food or sugar from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants uses chlorophyll and creates oxygen. The Calvin Cycle is the process where plants and algae turn carbon dioxide into sugar as a necessary nutrient for growth. The Calvin Cycle is essential for all living systems. The Calvin Cycle is not dependent on light from the sun and is therefore the light-independent portion of photosynthesis. Respiration (cell respiration) is the process of breathing, or inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide and the process by which cells use oxygen to break down sugar and obtain energy. Respiration is a chemical reaction that happens in all plant and animal cells. Energy is released to allow other chemical processes to occur to sustain life.
Tissues are made up of similar cells that perform similar functions, such as muscle tissues that cause contraction and movement.
Urinary System
Virus Virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside living cells of an organism. These tiny entities infect all life forms, including animals, plants, and microorganisms like bacteria.
Veterinary Medicine
Wildlife
Zoology (see Animals)
Biology Course Topics:
1 Intro. to Biology 2 Chemistry of Life: atoms, isotopes, ions, molecules, water, carbon 3 Bio-macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
4 Cells and Cell Structure, Prokaryotic Cells, Eukaryotic Cells, Endomembrane System and Proteins, The Cytoskeleton; Cellular Activities
5 Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes; Passive Transport; Active Transport; Bulk Transport
6 Metabolism; Energy; Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy; The Laws of Thermodynamics; ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate; Enzymes
7 Cellular Respiration; Energy; Glycolysis; Oxidation of Pyruvate, Citric Acid Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Metabolism without Oxygen, Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways, Regulation of Cellular Respiration
8 Photosynthesis; The Light-Dependent Reactions ; Using Light Energy to Make Organic Molecules; The Calvin Cycle
9 Cell Communication; Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors; Propagation of the Signal; Response to the Signal; Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms
10 Cell Reproduction; Cell Division; The Cell Cycle; Control of the Cell Cycle; Cancer and the Cell Cycle; Prokaryotic Cell Division
11 Genetics; Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
12 Mendel's Experiments; Heredity; Laws of Probability; Characteristics and Traits; Laws of Inheritance
13 Modern Understandings of Inheritance; Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage; Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
14 DNA Structure and Function; Historical Understanding/DNA Structure and Sequencing; DNA Replication: in Prokaryotes; in Eukaryotes; DNA Repair
15 Genes/Proteins; the Genetic Code; Prokaryotic Transcription; Eukaryotic Transcription; RNA Processing in Eukaryotes; Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
16 Gene Expression: Regulation; Procaryotic; Eukaryotic Regulation in Genes, transcription, post-transcriptional genes, translational, post-translational genes; cancer genes
17 Biotechnology/Genomics; Mapping Genomes; Whole-Genome Sequencing; Applying Genomics; Genomics/Proteomics
18 Evolution and the Origin of Species; Formation of New Species; Reconnection and Speciation Rates
19 Populations origin, genetics, adaptation
20 Phylogenies/History of Life; Evolutionary relationships examined; Phylogenetic trees
21 Viruses; Origin, Morphology, Classification, Infections, Hosts, Prevention, Treatment of Infections; Prions/Viroids
22 Prokaryotes: Bacteria/Archaea; Diversity; Structure; Metabolism; Bacterial Diseases in Humans; Beneficial Prokaryotes
23 Protists; Eukaryotic; Characteristics; Groups; Ecology
24 Fungi; Characteristics; Classifications; Ecology; Fungal Parasites/Pathogens; Significance of Fungi
25 Seedless Plants; Green Algae; Bryophytes; Seedless Vascular Plants
26 Seeded Plants; Gymnosperms; Angiosperms; Role/function
27 Animal Diversity; Animal Kingdom; Animal Classification; Phylogeny
28 Invertebrates; Phylum Porifera; Phylum Cnidaria; Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Flatworms, Rotifers, and Nemerteans; Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids; Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Nematodes and Tardigrades; Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods; Superphylum Deuterostomia
29 Vertebrates; Chordates; Fishes; Amphibians; Reptiles; Birds; Mammals; Primates
30 Plant Anatomy and Physiology; The Plant Body; Stems; Roots; Leaves; Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants; Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
31 Soil; Plant Nutrition; Adaptations
32 Plant Reproduction; Development, structure, Pollination, Fertilization, Asexual Reproduction
33 Animal Body: Basic Form and Function; Primary Tissues; Homeostasis
34 Animal Nutrition/Digestive System; Energy Production; Processes; Regulation
35 Nervous System; Neurons and Glial Cells; Neuron Communication; Central Nervous System; Peripheral Nervous System; Disorders
36 Sensory Systems; Processes; Somatosensation; Taste and Smell; Hearing and Vestibular Sensation; Vision
37 Endocrine System; Hormone types; Processes; regulation of processes and hormone production; Endocrine Glands
38 Musculoskeletal System; Types of Skeletal Systems; Bone; Joints/Skeletal Movement; Muscle Contraction/Locomotion
39 Respiratory System; Systems of Gas Exchange; across Respiratory Surfaces; Breathing; Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
40 Circulatory System; Blood Components; Mammalian Heart/Blood Vessels; Blood Flow/Blood Pressure Regulation
41 Osmotic Regulation/Excretion; Osmoregulation/Osmotic Balance; Kidneys; Excretion Systems; Nitrogenous Wastes; Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions
42 Immune System; Innate Immune Response; Adaptive Immune Response; Antibodies; Disruptions in Immune System
43 Animal Reproduction/Design; Reproduction Methods; Fertilization; Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis; Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction; Human Pregnancy and Birth; Fertilization/Early Embryonic Development; Organogenesis/Vertebrate Formation
44 Ecology; Biosphere; Biogeography; Terrestrial Biomes; Aquatic Biomes; Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
45 Population/Community Ecology; Demography; Natural Selection; Environmental Limits to Population Growth; Population Dynamics/Regulation/Human Population Growth; Community Ecology; Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
46 Ecosystems Ecology, Energy Flow in Ecosystems, Biochemical cycles
47 Conservation Biology/Biodiversity; The Biodiversity Crisis; Biodiversity and humans; threats to biodiversity, preserving biodiversity
1 Intro. to Biology 2 Chemistry of Life: atoms, isotopes, ions, molecules, water, carbon 3 Bio-macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
4 Cells and Cell Structure, Prokaryotic Cells, Eukaryotic Cells, Endomembrane System and Proteins, The Cytoskeleton; Cellular Activities
5 Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes; Passive Transport; Active Transport; Bulk Transport
6 Metabolism; Energy; Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy; The Laws of Thermodynamics; ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate; Enzymes
7 Cellular Respiration; Energy; Glycolysis; Oxidation of Pyruvate, Citric Acid Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Metabolism without Oxygen, Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways, Regulation of Cellular Respiration
8 Photosynthesis; The Light-Dependent Reactions ; Using Light Energy to Make Organic Molecules; The Calvin Cycle
9 Cell Communication; Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors; Propagation of the Signal; Response to the Signal; Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms
10 Cell Reproduction; Cell Division; The Cell Cycle; Control of the Cell Cycle; Cancer and the Cell Cycle; Prokaryotic Cell Division
11 Genetics; Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
12 Mendel's Experiments; Heredity; Laws of Probability; Characteristics and Traits; Laws of Inheritance
13 Modern Understandings of Inheritance; Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage; Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
14 DNA Structure and Function; Historical Understanding/DNA Structure and Sequencing; DNA Replication: in Prokaryotes; in Eukaryotes; DNA Repair
15 Genes/Proteins; the Genetic Code; Prokaryotic Transcription; Eukaryotic Transcription; RNA Processing in Eukaryotes; Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
16 Gene Expression: Regulation; Procaryotic; Eukaryotic Regulation in Genes, transcription, post-transcriptional genes, translational, post-translational genes; cancer genes
17 Biotechnology/Genomics; Mapping Genomes; Whole-Genome Sequencing; Applying Genomics; Genomics/Proteomics
18 Evolution and the Origin of Species; Formation of New Species; Reconnection and Speciation Rates
19 Populations origin, genetics, adaptation
20 Phylogenies/History of Life; Evolutionary relationships examined; Phylogenetic trees
21 Viruses; Origin, Morphology, Classification, Infections, Hosts, Prevention, Treatment of Infections; Prions/Viroids
22 Prokaryotes: Bacteria/Archaea; Diversity; Structure; Metabolism; Bacterial Diseases in Humans; Beneficial Prokaryotes
23 Protists; Eukaryotic; Characteristics; Groups; Ecology
24 Fungi; Characteristics; Classifications; Ecology; Fungal Parasites/Pathogens; Significance of Fungi
25 Seedless Plants; Green Algae; Bryophytes; Seedless Vascular Plants
26 Seeded Plants; Gymnosperms; Angiosperms; Role/function
27 Animal Diversity; Animal Kingdom; Animal Classification; Phylogeny
28 Invertebrates; Phylum Porifera; Phylum Cnidaria; Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Flatworms, Rotifers, and Nemerteans; Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids; Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Nematodes and Tardigrades; Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods; Superphylum Deuterostomia
29 Vertebrates; Chordates; Fishes; Amphibians; Reptiles; Birds; Mammals; Primates
30 Plant Anatomy and Physiology; The Plant Body; Stems; Roots; Leaves; Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants; Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
31 Soil; Plant Nutrition; Adaptations
32 Plant Reproduction; Development, structure, Pollination, Fertilization, Asexual Reproduction
33 Animal Body: Basic Form and Function; Primary Tissues; Homeostasis
34 Animal Nutrition/Digestive System; Energy Production; Processes; Regulation
35 Nervous System; Neurons and Glial Cells; Neuron Communication; Central Nervous System; Peripheral Nervous System; Disorders
36 Sensory Systems; Processes; Somatosensation; Taste and Smell; Hearing and Vestibular Sensation; Vision
37 Endocrine System; Hormone types; Processes; regulation of processes and hormone production; Endocrine Glands
38 Musculoskeletal System; Types of Skeletal Systems; Bone; Joints/Skeletal Movement; Muscle Contraction/Locomotion
39 Respiratory System; Systems of Gas Exchange; across Respiratory Surfaces; Breathing; Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
40 Circulatory System; Blood Components; Mammalian Heart/Blood Vessels; Blood Flow/Blood Pressure Regulation
41 Osmotic Regulation/Excretion; Osmoregulation/Osmotic Balance; Kidneys; Excretion Systems; Nitrogenous Wastes; Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions
42 Immune System; Innate Immune Response; Adaptive Immune Response; Antibodies; Disruptions in Immune System
43 Animal Reproduction/Design; Reproduction Methods; Fertilization; Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis; Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction; Human Pregnancy and Birth; Fertilization/Early Embryonic Development; Organogenesis/Vertebrate Formation
44 Ecology; Biosphere; Biogeography; Terrestrial Biomes; Aquatic Biomes; Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
45 Population/Community Ecology; Demography; Natural Selection; Environmental Limits to Population Growth; Population Dynamics/Regulation/Human Population Growth; Community Ecology; Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
46 Ecosystems Ecology, Energy Flow in Ecosystems, Biochemical cycles
47 Conservation Biology/Biodiversity; The Biodiversity Crisis; Biodiversity and humans; threats to biodiversity, preserving biodiversity